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Register a new userElliptic solutions of dynamical Lucas sequences
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We study two types of dynamical extensions of Lucas sequences and give elliptic solutions for them. The first type concerns a level-dependent (or discrete time-dependent) version involving commuting variables. We show that a nice solution for this system is given by elliptic numbers. The second type involves a non-commutative version of Lucas sequences which defines the non-commutative (or abstract) Fibonacci polynomials introduced by Johann Cigler. If the non-commuting variables are specialized to be elliptic-commuting variables the abstract Fibonacci polynomials become non-commutative elliptic Fibonacci polynomials. Some properties we derive for these include their explicit expansion in terms of normalized monomials and a non-commutative elliptic Euler--Cassini identity.
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Given two variables $s$ and $t$, the associated sequence of Lucas polynomials is defined inductively by ${0}=0$, ${1}=1$, and ${n}=s{n-1}+t{n-2}$ for $nge2$. An integer (e.g., a Catalan number) defined by an expression of the form $prod_i n_i/prod_j k_j$ has a Lucas analogue obtained by replacing each factor with the corresponding Lucas polynomial. There has been interest in deciding when such expressions, which are a priori only rational functions, are actually polynomials in $s,t$. The approaches so far have been combinatorial. We introduce a powerful algebraic method for answering this question by factoring ${n}=prod_{d|n} P_d(s,t)$, where we call the polynomials $P_d(s,t)$ Lucas atoms. This permits us to show that the Lucas analogues of the Fuss-Catalan and Fuss-Narayana numbers for all irreducible Coxeter groups are polynomials in $s,t$. Using gamma expansions, a technique which has recently become popular in combinatorics and geometry, one can show that the Lucas atoms have a close relationship with cyclotomic polynomials $Phi_d(q)$. Certain results about the $Phi_d(q)$ can then be lifted to Lucas atoms. In particular, one can prove analogues of theorems of Gauss and Lucas, deduce reduction formulas, and evaluate the $P_d(s,t)$ at various specific values of the variables.
We prove an infinite family of lacunary recurrences for the Lucas numbers using combinatorial means.
For an integer $qge2$, a $q$-recursive sequence is defined by recurrence relations on subsequences of indices modulo some powers of~$q$. In this article, $q$-recursive sequences are studied and the asymptotic behavior of their summatory functions is analyzed. It is shown that every $q$-recursive sequence is $q$-regular in the sense of Allouche and Shallit and that a $q$-linear representation of the sequence can be computed easily by using the coefficients from the recurrence relations. Detailed asymptotic results for $q$-recursive sequences are then obtained based on a general result on the asymptotic analysis of $q$-regular sequences. Three particular sequences are studied in detail: We discuss the asymptotic behavior of the summatory functions of Sterns diatomic sequence, the number of non-zero elements in some generalized Pascals triangle and the number of unbordered factors in the Thue--Morse sequence. For the first two sequences, our analysis even leads to precise formulae{} without error terms.
Given a set of integers containing no 3-term arithmetic progressions, one constructs a Stanley sequence by choosing integers greedily without forming such a progression. Independent Stanley sequences are a well-structured class of Stanley sequences with two main parameters: the character $lambda(A)$ and the repeat factor $rho(A)$. Rolnick conjectured that for every $lambda in mathbb{N}_0backslash{1, 3, 5, 9, 11, 15}$, there exists an independent Stanley sequence $S(A)$ such that $lambda(A) =lambda$. This paper demonstrates that $lambda(A) otin {1, 3, 5, 9, 11, 15}$ for any independent Stanley sequence $S(A)$.
Let $G$ be a finite cyclic group of order $n ge 2$. Every sequence $S$ over $G$ can be written in the form $S=(n_1g)cdot ... cdot (n_lg)$ where $gin G$ and $n_1,..., n_l in [1,ord(g)]$, and the index $ind (S)$ of $S$ is defined as the minimum of $(n_1+ ... + n_l)/ord (g)$ over all $g in G$ with $ord (g) = n$. In this paper we prove that a sequence $S$ over $G$ of length $|S| = n$ having an element with multiplicity at least $frac{n}{2}$ has a subsequence $T$ with $ind (T) = 1$, and if the group order $n$ is a prime, then the assumption on the multiplicity can be relaxed to $frac{n-2}{10}$. On the other hand, if $n=4k+2$ with $k ge 5$, we provide an example of a sequence $S$ having length $|S| > n$ and an element with multiplicity $frac{n}{2}-1$ which has no subsequence $T$ with $ind (T) = 1$. This disproves a conjecture given twenty years ago by Lemke and Kleitman.
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