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Register a new userScission: Performance-driven and Context-aware Cloud-Edge Distribution of Deep Neural Networks
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Added by
Blesson Varghese
Publication date
2020
fields
Informatics Engineering
and research's language is
English
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Partitioning and distributing deep neural networks (DNNs) across end-devices, edge resources and the cloud has a potential twofold advantage: preserving privacy of the input data, and reducing the ingress bandwidth demand beyond the edge. However, for a given DNN, identifying the optimal partition configuration for distributing the DNN that maximizes performance is a significant challenge. This is because the combination of potential target hardware resources that maximizes performance and the sequence of layers of the DNN that should be distributed across the target resources needs to be determined, while accounting for user-defined objectives/constraints for partitioning. This paper presents Scission, a tool for automated benchmarking of DNNs on a given set of target device, edge and cloud resources for determining optimal partitions that maximize DNN performance. The decision-making approach is context-aware by capitalizing on hardware capabilities of the target resources, their locality, the characteristics of DNN layers, and the network condition. Experimental studies are carried out on 18 DNNs. The decisions made by Scission cannot be manually made by a human given the complexity and the number of dimensions affecting the search space. The benchmarking overheads of Scission allow for responding to operational changes periodically rather than in real-time. Scission is available for public download at https://github.com/qub-blesson/Scission.
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Edge computing offers an additional layer of compute infrastructure closer to the data source before raw data from privacy-sensitive and performance-critical applications is transferred to a cloud data center. Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are one class of applications that are reported to benefit from collaboratively computing between the edge and the cloud. A DNN is partitioned such that specific layers of the DNN are deployed onto the edge and the cloud to meet performance and privacy objectives. However, there is limited understanding of: (a) whether and how evolving operational conditions (increased CPU and memory utilization at the edge or reduced data transfer rates between the edge and the cloud) affect the performance of already deployed DNNs, and (b) whether a new partition configuration is required to maximize performance. A DNN that adapts to changing operational conditions is referred to as an adaptive DNN. This paper investigates whether there is a case for adaptive DNNs in edge computing by considering three questions: (i) Are DNNs sensitive to operational conditions? (ii) How sensitive are DNNs to operational conditions? (iii) Do individual or a combination of operational conditions equally affect DNNs? (iv) Is DNN partitioning sensitive to hardware architectures on the cloud/edge? The exploration is carried out in the context of 8 pre-trained DNN models and the results presented are from analyzing nearly 8 million data points. The results highlight that network conditions affects DNN performance more than CPU or memory related operational conditions. Repartitioning is noted to provide a performance gain in a number of cases, but a specific trend was not noted in relation to its correlation to the underlying hardware architecture. Nonetheless, the need for adaptive DNNs is confirmed.
Accelerating deep model training and inference is crucial in practice. Existing deep learning frameworks usually concentrate on optimizing training speed and pay fewer attentions to inference-specific optimizations. Actually, model inference differs from training in terms of computation, e.g. parameters are refreshed each gradient update step during training, but kept invariant during inference. These special characteristics of model inference open new opportunities for its optimization. In this paper, we propose a hardware-aware optimization framework, namely Woodpecker-DL (WPK), to accelerate inference by taking advantage of multiple joint optimizations from the perspectives of graph optimization, automated searches, domain-specific language (DSL) compiler techniques and system-level exploration. In WPK, we investigated two new automated search approaches based on genetic algorithm and reinforcement learning, respectively, to hunt the best operator code configurations targeting specific hardware. A customized DSL compiler is further attached to these search algorithms to generate efficient codes. To create an optimized inference plan, WPK systematically explores high-speed operator implementations from third-party libraries besides our automatically generated codes and singles out the best implementation per operator for use. Extensive experiments demonstrated that on a Tesla P100 GPU, we can achieve the maximum speedup of 5.40 over cuDNN and 1.63 over TVM on individual convolution operators, and run up to 1.18 times faster than TensorRT for end-to-end model inference.
Recent years have witnessed a rapid growth of deep-network based services and applications. A practical and critical problem thus has emerged: how to effectively deploy the deep neural network models such that they can be executed efficiently. Conventional cloud-based approaches usually run the deep models in data center servers, causing large latency because a significant amount of data has to be transferred from the edge of network to the data center. In this paper, we propose JALAD, a joint accuracy- and latency-aware execution framework, which decouples a deep neural network so that a part of it will run at edge devices and the other part inside the conventional cloud, while only a minimum amount of data has to be transferred between them. Though the idea seems straightforward, we are facing challenges including i) how to find the best partition of a deep structure; ii) how to deploy the component at an edge device that only has limited computation power; and iii) how to minimize the overall execution latency. Our answers to these questions are a set of strategies in JALAD, including 1) A normalization based in-layer data compression strategy by jointly considering compression rate and model accuracy; 2) A latency-aware deep decoupling strategy to minimize the overall execution latency; and 3) An edge-cloud structure adaptation strategy that dynamically changes the decoupling for different network conditions. Experiments demonstrate that our solution can significantly reduce the execution latency: it speeds up the overall inference execution with a guaranteed model accuracy loss.
The pervasiveness of Internet-of-Things in our daily life has led to a recent surge in fog computing, encompassing a collaboration of cloud computing and edge intelligence. To that effect, deep learning has been a major driving force towards enabling such intelligent systems. However, growing model sizes in deep learning pose a significant challenge towards deployment in resource-constrained edge devices. Moreover, in a distributed intelligence environment, efficient workload distribution is necessary between edge and cloud systems. To address these challenges, we propose a conditionally deep hybrid neural network for enabling AI-based fog computing. The proposed network can be deployed in a distributed manner, consisting of quantized layers and early exits at the edge and full-precision layers on the cloud. During inference, if an early exit has high confidence in the classification results, it would allow samples to exit at the edge, and the deeper layers on the cloud are activated conditionally, which can lead to improved energy efficiency and inference latency. We perform an extensive design space exploration with the goal of minimizing energy consumption at the edge while achieving state-of-the-art classification accuracies on image classification tasks. We show that with binarized layers at the edge, the proposed conditional hybrid network can process 65% of inferences at the edge, leading to 5.5x computational energy reduction with minimal accuracy degradation on CIFAR-10 dataset. For the more complex dataset CIFAR-100, we observe that the proposed network with 4-bit quantization at the edge achieves 52% early classification at the edge with 4.8x energy reduction. The analysis gives us insights on designing efficient hybrid networks which achieve significantly higher energy efficiency than full-precision networks for edge-cloud based distributed intelligence systems.
Making a single network effectively address diverse contexts---learning the variations within a dataset or multiple datasets---is an intriguing step towards achieving generalized intelligence. Existing approaches of deepening, widening, and assembling networks are not cost effective in general. In view of this, networks which can allocate resources according to the context of the input and regulate flow of information across the network are effective. In this paper, we present Context-Aware Multipath Network (CAMNet), a multi-path neural network with data-dependant routing between parallel tensors. We show that our model performs as a generalized model capturing variations in individual datasets and multiple different datasets, both simultaneously and sequentially. CAMNet surpasses the performance of classification and pixel-labeling tasks in comparison with the equivalent single-path, multi-path, and deeper single-path networks, considering datasets individually, sequentially, and in combination. The data-dependent routing between tensors in CAMNet enables the model to control the flow of information end-to-end, deciding which resources to be common or domain-specific.
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