No Arabic abstract
The memory effect at null infinity, $mathcal{I}^+$, can be defined in terms of the permanent relative displacement of test particles (at leading order in $1/r$) resulting from the passage of a burst of gravitational radiation. In $D=4$ spacetime dimensions, the memory effect can be characterized by the supertranslation relating the good cuts of $mathcal{I}^+$ in the stationary eras at early and late retarded times. It also can be characterized in terms of charges and fluxes associated with supertranslations. Black hole event horizons are in many ways analogous to $mathcal{I}^+$. We consider here analogous definitions of memory for a black hole, assuming that the black hole is approximately stationary at early and late advanced times, so that its event horizon is described by a Killing horizon (assumed nonextremal) at early and late times. We give prescriptions for defining preferred foliations of nonextremal Killing horizons. We give a definition of the memory tensor for a black hole in terms of the permanent relative displacement of the null geodesic generators of the event horizon between the early and late time stationary eras. We show that preferred foliations of the event horizon in the early and late time eras are related by a Chandrasekaran-Flanagan-Prabhu (CFP) supertranslation. However, we find that the memory tensor for a black hole horizon does not appear to be related to the CFP symmetries or their charges and fluxes in a manner similar to that occurring at $mathcal{I}^+$.
We argue that the equations of motion of quantum field theories in curved backgrounds encode new fundamental black hole thermodynamic relations. We define new entropy variation relations. These `emerge through the monodromies that capture the infinitesimal changes in the black hole background produced by the field excitations. This raises the possibility of new thermodynamic relations defined as independent sums involving entropies, temperatures and angular velocities defined at every black hole horizon. We present explicit results for the sum of all horizon entropy variations for general rotating black holes, both in asymptotically at and asymptotically anti-de Sitter spacetimes in four and higher dimensions. The expressions are universal, and in most cases add up to zero. We also find that these thermodynamic summation relations apply in theories involving multi-charge black holes.
The specific nonlinear vector $sigma$-model coupled to Einstein gravity is investigated. The model arises in the studies of the gravitating matter in non-commutative geometry. The static spherically symmetric spacetimes are identified by direct solving of the field equations. The asymptotically flat black hole with the ``non-commutative vector hair appears for the special choice of the integration constants, giving thus another counterexample to the famous ``no-hair theorem.
An approach to black hole quantization is proposed wherein it is assumed that quantum coherence is preserved. A consequence of this is that the Penrose diagram describing gravitational collapse will show the same topological structure as flat Minkowski space. After giving our motivations for such a quantization procedure we formulate the background field approximation, in which particles are divided into hard particles and soft particles. The background space-time metric depends both on the in-states and on the out-states. We present some model calculations and extensive discussions. In particular, we show, in the context of a toy model, that the $S$-matrix describing soft particles in the hard particle background of a collapsing star is unitary, nevertheless, the spectrum of particles is shown to be approximately thermal. We also conclude that there is an important topological constraint on functional integrals.
If general relativity is spontaneously induced, the black hole limit is governed by a phase transition which occurs precisely at the would have been horizon. The exterior Schwarzschild solution then connects with a novel core of vanishing spatial volume. The Kruskal structure, admitting the exact Hawking imaginary time periodicity, is recovered, with the conic defect defused at the origin, rather than at the horizon. The entropy stored inside textbf{any} interior sphere is universal, equal to a quarter of its surface area, thus locally saturating the t Hooft-Susskind holographic bound. The associated Komar mass and material energy functions are non-singular.
We review aspects of the thermodynamics of black holes and in particular take into account the fact that the quantum entanglement between the degrees of freedom of a scalar field, traced inside the event horizon, can be the origin of black hole entropy. The main reason behind such a plausibility is that the well-known Bekenstein-Hawking entropy-area proportionality -- the so-called `area law of black hole physics -- holds for entanglement entropy as well, provided the scalar field is in its ground state, or in other minimum uncertainty states, such as a generic coherent state or squeezed state. However, when the field is either in an excited state or in a state which is a superposition of ground and excited states, a power-law correction to the area law is shown to exist. Such a correction term falls off with increasing area, so that eventually the area law is recovered for large enough horizon area. On ascertaining the location of the microscopic degrees of freedom that lead to the entanglement entropy of black holes, it is found that although the degrees of freedom close to the horizon contribute most to the total entropy, the contributions from those that are far from the horizon are more significant for excited/superposed states than for the ground state. Thus, the deviations from the area law for excited/superposed states may, in a way, be attributed to the far-away degrees of freedom. Finally, taking the scalar field (which is traced over) to be massive, we explore the changes on the area law due to the mass. Although most of our computations are done in flat space-time with a hypothetical spherical region, considered to be the analogue of the horizon, we show that our results hold as well in curved space-times representing static asymptotically flat spherical black holes with single horizon.