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Register a new userA Cost-Effective Rapid-Cycling Synchrotron
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Authors
Sergei Nagaitsev
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The present Fermilab proton Booster is an early example of a rapidly-cycling synchrotron (RCS). Built in the 1960s, it features a design in which the combined-function dipole magnets serve as vacuum chambers. Such a design is quite cost-effective, and it does not have the limitations associated with the eddy currents in a metallic vacuum chamber. However, an important drawback of that design is a high impedance, as seen by a beam, because of the magnet laminations. More recent RCS designs (e.g. J-PARC) employ large and complex ceramic vacuum chambers in order to mitigate the eddy current effects and to shield the beam from the magnet laminations. Such a design, albeit very successful, is quite costly because it requires large-bore magnets and large-bore RF cavities. In this article, we will consider an RCS concept with a thin-wall metallic vacuum chamber as a compromise between the chamber-less Fermilab Booster design and the large-bore design with ceramic chambers.
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This paper presents an 8 GeV Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) option for Project X. It has several advantages over an 8 GeV SC linac. In particular, the cost could be lower. With a 2 GeV 10 mA pulsed linac as injector, the RCS would be able to deliver 4 MW beam power for a muon collider. If, instead, a 2 GeV 1 mA CW linac is used, the RCS would still be able to meet the Project X requirements but it would be difficult for it to serve a muon collider due to the very long injection time.
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The Fermilab accelerator complex delivers intense high-energy proton beams to a variety of fixed-target scientific programs, including a flagship long-baseline neutrino program. With the advent of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) and Long Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) program there is strong motivation for a 2.4 MW beam power upgrade of the Fermilab proton facility. We show the Fermilab proton facility can achieve 2.4~MW with a new rapid-cycling synchrotron (RCS) to replace the Fermilab Booster and we provide a comprehensive technical analysis of the RCS-based facility design. Past design efforts and operational experience at the Fermilab Booster, J-PARC RCS, and Oak Ridge SNS are leveraged to provide strong empirical precedent for the design. We provide a parametric study of slip-stacking accumulation, RCS extraction energy, space-charge limits, beampipe aperture, eddy current heating, injection foil heating, and lattice optics. The 2.4 MW benchmark for the long baseline neutrino program is achieved independently of a previously proposed multi-GeV linac program, but we assess the impact the linac upgrade would have on RCS performance.
The fast extraction kicker system is one of the most important accelerator components, whose inner structure will be the main source of the impedance in the RCS. It is necessary to understand the kicker impedance before its installation into the tunnel. The conventional and improved wire methods are employed for the benchmarking impedance measurement results. The simulation and measurements confirm that the window-frame ferrite geometry and the end plate are the important structures causing the coupling impedance. The total impedance of the eight modules systems is determined by the scaling law from the measurement and the impedance measurement of the kicker system is summarized.
This whitepaper reviews design options for the IsoDAR electron antineutrino source. IsoDAR is designed to produce $2.6 times 10^{22}$ electron antineutrinos per year with an average energy of 6.4 MeV, using isotope decay-at-rest. Aspects which must be balanced for cost-effectiveness include: overall cost; rate and energy distribution of the electron antineutrino flux and backgrounds; low technical risk; compactness; simplicity of underground construction and operation; reliability; value to future neutrino physics programs; and value to industry. We show that the baseline design outlined here is the most cost effective.
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