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There is a long history of radio telescopes being used to augment the radio antennas regularly used to conduct telemetry, tracking, and command of deep space spacecraft. Radio telescopes are particularly valuable during short-duration mission critical events, such as planetary landings, or when a mission lifetime itself is short, such as a probe into a giant planets atmosphere. By virtue of its high sensitivity and frequency coverage, the next-generation Very Large Array would be a powerful addition to regular spacecraft ground systems. Further, the science focus of many of these deep-space missions provides a ground truth in the solar system that complements other aspects of the ngVLAs science case, such as the formation of planets in proto-planetary disks.
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The five classical Uranian moons are possible ocean worlds that exhibit bizarre geologic landforms, hinting at recent surface-interior communication. However, Uranus classical moons, as well as its ring moons and irregular satellites, remain poorly understood. We assert that a Flagship-class orbiter is needed to explore the Uranian satellites.
One source of noise for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) will be time-varying changes of the space environment in the form of solar wind particles and photon pressure from fluctuating solar irradiance. The approximate magnitude of these effects can be estimated from the average properties of the solar wind and the solar irradiance. We use data taken by the ACE (Advanced Compton Explorer) satellite and the VIRGO (Variability of solar IRradiance and Gravity Oscillations) instrument on the SOHO satellite over an entire solar cycle to calculate the forces due to solar wind and photon pressure irradiance on the LISA spacecraft. We produce a realistic model of the effects of these environmental noise sources and their variation over the expected course of the LISA mission.
The Active Monitor Box of Electrostatic Risks (AMBER) is a double-head thermal electron and ion electrostatic analyzer (energy range 0-30 keV) that was launched onboard the Jason-3 spacecraft in 2016. The next generation AMBER instrument, for which a first prototype was developed and then calibrated at the end of 2017, constitutes a significant evolution that is based on a single head to measure both species alternatively. The instrument developments focused on several new subsystems (front-end electronics, high-voltage electronics, mechanical design) that permit to reduce instrument resources down to ~ 1 kg and 1.5 W. AMBER is designed as a generic radiation monitor with a twofold purpose: (1) measure magnetospheric thermal ion and electron populations in the range 0-35 keV, with significant scientific potential (e.g., plasmasphere, ring current, plasma sheet), and (2) monitor spacecraft electrostatic charging and the plasma populations responsible for it, for electromagnetic cleanliness and operational purposes.
Asteroid Impacts pose a major threat to all life on the Earth. Deflecting the asteroid from the impact trajectory is an important way to mitigate the threat. A kinetic impactor remains to be the most feasible method to deflect the asteroid. However, due to the constraint of the launch capability, an impactor with the limited mass can only produce a very limited amount of velocity increment for the asteroid. In order to improve the deflection efficiency of the kinetic impactor strategy, this paper proposed a new concept called the Assembled Kinetic Impactor (AKI), which is combining the spacecraft with the launch vehicle final stage. By making full use of the mass of the launch vehicle final stage, the mass of the impactor will be increased, which will cause the improvement of the deflection efficiency. According to the technical data of Long March 5 (CZ-5) launch vehicle, the missions of deflecting Bennu are designed to demonstrate the power of the AKI concept. Simulation results show that, compared with the Classic Kinetic Impactor (CKI, performs spacecraft-rocket separation), the addition of the mass of the launch vehicle final stage can increase the deflection distance to more than 3 times, and reduce the launch lead-time by at least 15 years. With the requirement of the same deflection distance, the addition of the mass of the launch vehicle final stage can reduce the number of launches to 1/3 of that of the number of CKI launches. The AKI concept makes it possible to defend Bennu-like large asteroids by a no-nuclear technique within 10-year launch lead-time. At the same time, for a single CZ-5, the deflection distance of a 140 m diameter asteroid within 10-year launch lead-time, can be increased from less than 1 Earth radii to more than 1 Earth radii.
We demonstrate how observations of pulsars can be used to help navigate a spacecraft travelling in the solar system. We make use of archival observations of millisecond pulsars from the Parkes radio telescope in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method and highlight issues, such as pulsar spin irregularities, which need to be accounted for. We show that observations of four millisecond pulsars every seven days using a realistic X-ray telescope on the spacecraft throughout a journey from Earth to Mars can lead to position determinations better than approx. 20km and velocity measurements with a precision of approx. 0.1m/s.
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