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Register a new userAre Children Well-Supported by Their Parents Concerning Online Privacy Risks, and Who Supports the Parents?
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Added by
Jun Zhao Dr
Publication date
2018
fields
Informatics Engineering
and research's language is
English
Authors
Jun Zhao
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Tablet computers are becoming ubiquitously available at home or school for young children to complement education or entertainment. However, parents of children aged 6-11 often believe that children are too young to face or comprehend online privacy issues, and often take a protective approach to restrict or monitor what children can access online, instead of discussing privacy issues with children. Parents work hard to protect their childrens online safety. However, little is known how much parents are aware of the risks associated with the implicit personal data collection by the first- or third-party companies behind the mobile `apps used by their children, and hence how well parents can safeguard their children from this kind of risks. Parents have always been playing a pivotal role in mitigating childrens interactions with digital technologies --- from TV to game consoles, to personal computers --- but the rapidly changing technologies are posing challenges for parents to keep up with. There is a pressing need to understand how much parents are aware of privacy risks concerning the use of tablets and how they are managing them for their primary school-aged young children. At the same time, we must also reach out to the children themselves, who are on the frontline of these technologies, to learn how capable they are to recognise risks and how well they are supported by their parents to cope with these risks. Therefore, in the summer of 2017, we conducted face-to-face interviews with 12 families in Oxfordshire and an online survey with 250 parents. This report summarises our key findings of these two studies.
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The age of children adopting digital technologies, such as tablets or smartphones, is increasingly young. However, children under 11 are often regarded as too young to comprehend the concept of online privacy. Limited research studies have focused on children of this age group. In the summer of 2018, we conducted 12 focus group studies with 29 children aged 6-10 from Oxfordshire primary schools. Our research has shown that children have a good understanding of certain privacy risks, such as information oversharing or avoiding revealing real identities online. They could use a range of descriptions to articulate the risks and describe their risk coping strategies. However, at the same time, we identified that children had less awareness concerning other risks, such as online tracking or game promotions. Inspired by Vygotskys Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), this study has identified critical knowledge gaps in childrens understanding of online privacy, and several directions for future education and technology development. We call for attention to the needs of raising childrens awareness and understanding of risks related to online recommendations and data tracking, which are becoming ever more prevalent in the games and content children encounter. We also call for attention to childrens use of language to describe risks, which may be appropriate but not necessarily indicate a full understanding of the threats.
The large majority of stars in the Milky Way are late-type dwarfs, and the frequency of low-mass exoplanets in orbits around these late-type dwarfs appears to be high. In order to characterize the radiation environments and habitable zones of the cool exoplanet host stars, stellar radius and effective temperature, and thus luminosity, are required. It is in the stellar low-mass regime, however, where the predictive power of stellar models is often limited by sparse data volume with which to calibrate the methods. We show results from our CHARA survey that provides directly determined stellar parameters based on interferometric diameter measurements, trigonometric parallax, and spectral energy distribution fitting.
Solutions to the two-body problem in general relativity allow us to predict the mass, spin and recoil velocity of a black-hole merger remnant given the masses and spins of its binary progenitors. In this paper we address the inverse problem: given a binary black-hole merger, can we use the parameters measured by gravitational-wave interferometers to tell if the binary components are of hierarchical origin, i.e. if they are themselves remnants of previous mergers? If so, can we determine at least some of the properties of their parents? This inverse problem is in general overdetermined. We show that hierarchical mergers occupy a characteristic region in the plane composed of the effective spin parameters $chi_{rm eff}$ and $chi_{rm p}$, and therefore a measurement of these parameters can add weight to the hierarchical-merger interpretation of some gravitational-wave events, including GW190521. If one of the binary components has hierarchical origin and its spin magnitude is well measured, we derive exclusion regions on the properties of its parents: for example we infer that the parents of GW190412 (if hierarchical) must have had unequal masses and low spins. Our formalism is quite general, and it can be used to infer constraints on the astrophysical environment producing hierarchical mergers.
Tablet computers are widely used by young children. A report in 2016 shows that children aged 5 to 15 years are spending more time online than watching TV. A 2017 update of the same report shows that parents are becoming more concerned about their childrens online risks compared to the previous year. Parents are working hard to protect their childrens online safety. An increasing number of parents are setting up content filtering at home or having regular discussions with their children regarding online risks. However, although risks related to Social Media platforms or social video sharing sites (like YouTube) are widely known, risks posed by mobile applications or games (i.e. `apps) are less known. Behind the cute characters, apps used by children can not only have the possibility of exposing them to age-inappropriate content or excessive in-app promotions, but may also make a large amount of their personal information accessible to third-party online marketing and advertising industry. Such practices are not unique to childrens apps, but young children are probably less capable of resisting the resulting personalised advertisements and game promotions. In this report, we present findings from our online survey of 220 parents with children aged 6-10, mainly from the U.K. and other western countries, regarding their privacy concerns and expectations of their childrens use of mobile apps. Parents play a key role in childrens use of digital technology, especially for children under 10 years old. Recent reports have highlighted parents lack of sufficient support for choosing appropriate digital content for their children. Our report sheds some initial light on parents key struggles and points to immediate steps and possible areas of future development.
Children are increasingly using the internet nowadays. While internet use exposes children to various privacy and security risks, few studies have examined how parents perceive and address their childrens cybersecurity risks. To address this gap, we conducted a qualitative study with 25 parents living in Norway with children aged between 10 to 15. We conducted semi-structured interviews with the parents and performed a thematic analysis of the interview data. The results of this paper include a list of cybersecurity awareness needs for children from a parental perspective, a list of learning resources for children, and a list of challenges for parents to ensure cybersecurity at home. Our results are useful for developers and educators in developing cybersecurity solutions for children. Future research should focus on defining cybersecurity theories and practices that contribute to childrens and parents awareness about cybersecurity risks, needs, and solutions.
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