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Register a new userMulti-modal Non-line-of-sight Passive Imaging
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We consider the non-line-of-sight (NLOS) imaging of an object using the light reflected off a diffusive wall. The wall scatters incident light such that a lens is no longer useful to form an image. Instead, we exploit the 4D spatial coherence function to reconstruct a 2D projection of the obscured object. The approach is completely passive in the sense that no control over the light illuminating the object is assumed and is compatible with the partially coherent fields ubiquitous in both the indoor and outdoor environments. We formulate a multi-criteria convex optimization problem for reconstruction, which fuses the reflected fields intensity and spatial coherence information at different scales. Our formulation leverages established optics models of light propagation and scattering and exploits the sparsity common to many images in different bases. We also develop an algorithm based on the alternating direction method of multipliers to efficiently solve the convex program proposed. A means for analyzing the null space of the measurement matrices is provided as well as a means for weighting the contribution of individual measurements to the reconstruction. This paper holds promise to advance passive imaging in the challenging NLOS regimes in which the intensity does not necessarily retain distinguishable features and provides a framework for multi-modal information fusion for efficient scene reconstruction.
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Emerging single-photon-sensitive sensors combined with advanced inverse methods to process picosecond-accurate time-stamped photon counts have given rise to unprecedented imaging capabilities. Rather than imaging photons that travel along direct paths from a source to an object and back to the detector, non-line-of-sight (NLOS) imaging approaches analyse photons {scattered from multiple surfaces that travel} along indirect light paths to estimate 3D images of scenes outside the direct line of sight of a camera, hidden by a wall or other obstacles. Here we review recent advances in the field of NLOS imaging, discussing how to see around corners and future prospects for the field.
Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) imaging allows to observe objects partially or fully occluded from direct view, by analyzing indirect diffuse reflections off a secondary, relay surface. Despite its many potential applications, existing methods lack practical usability due to several shared limitations, including the assumption of single scattering only, lack of occlusions, and Lambertian reflectance. We lift these limitations by transforming the NLOS problem into a virtual Line-Of-Sight (LOS) one. Since imaging information cannot be recovered from the irradiance arriving at the relay surface, we introduce the concept of the phasor field, a mathematical construct representing a fast variation in irradiance. We show that NLOS light transport can be modeled as the propagation of a phasor field wave, which can be solved accurately by the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction integral. We demonstrate for the first time NLOS reconstruction of complex scenes with strong multiply scattered and ambient light, arbitrary materials, large depth range, and occlusions. Our method handles these challenging cases without explicitly developing a light transport model. By leveraging existing fast algorithms, we outperform existing methods in terms of execution speed, computational complexity, and memory use. We believe that our approach will help unlock the potential of NLOS imaging, and the development of novel applications not restricted to lab conditions. For example, we demonstrate both refocusing and transient NLOS videos of real-world, complex scenes with large depth.
Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) imaging techniques use light that diffusely reflects off of visible surfaces (e.g., walls) to see around corners. One approach involves using pulsed lasers and ultrafast sensors to measure the travel time of multiply scattered light. Unlike existing NLOS techniques that generally require densely raster scanning points across the entirety of a relay wall, we explore a more efficient form of NLOS scanning that reduces both acquisition times and computational requirements. We propose a circular and confocal non-line-of-sight (C2NLOS) scan that involves illuminating and imaging a common point, and scanning this point in a circular path along a wall. We observe that (1) these C2NLOS measurements consist of a superposition of sinusoids, which we refer to as a transient sinogram, (2) there exists computationally efficient reconstruction procedures that transform these sinusoidal measurements into 3D positions of hidden scatterers or NLOS images of hidden objects, and (3) despite operating on an order of magnitude fewer measurements than previous approaches, these C2NLOS scans provide sufficient information about the hidden scene to solve these different NLOS imaging tasks. We show results from both simulated and real C2NLOS scans.
A deep learning based non-line-of-sight (NLOS) imaging system is developed to image an occluded object off a scattering surface. The neural net is trained using only handwritten digits, and yet exhibits capability to reconstruct patterns distinct from the training set, including physical objects. It can also reconstruct a cartoon video from its scattering patterns in real time, demonstrating the robustness and generalization capability of the deep learning based approach. Several scattering surfaces with varying degree of Lambertian and specular contributions were examined experimentally; it is found that for a Lambertian surface the structural similarity index (SSIM) of reconstructed images is about 0.63, while the SSIM obtained from a scattering surface possessing a specular component can be as high as 0.93. A forward model of light transport was developed based on the Phong scattering model. Scattering patterns from Phong surfaces with different degrees of specular contribution were numerically simulated. It is found that a specular contribution of as small as 5% can enhance the SSIM from 0.83 to 0.93, consistent with the results from experimental data. Singular value spectra of the underlying transfer matrix were calculated for various Phong surfaces. As the weight and the shininess factor increase, i.e., the specular contribution increases, the singular value spectrum broadens and the 50-dB bandwidth is increased by more than 4X with a 10% specular contribution, which indicates that at the presence of even a small amount of specular contribution the NLOS measurement can retain significantly more singular value components, leading to higher reconstruction fidelity. With an ordinary camera and incoherent light source, this work enables a low-cost, real-time NLOS imaging system without the need of an explicit physical model of the underlying light transport process.
Imaging objects obscured by occluders is a significant challenge for many applications. A camera that could see around corners could help improve navigation and mapping capabilities of autonomous vehicles or make search and rescue missions more effective. Time-resolved single-photon imaging systems have recently been demonstrated to record optical information of a scene that can lead to an estimation of the shape and reflectance of objects hidden from the line of sight of a camera. However, existing non-line-of-sight (NLOS) reconstruction algorithms have been constrained in the types of light transport effects they model for the hidden scene parts. We introduce a factored NLOS light transport representation that accounts for partial occlusions and surface normals. Based on this model, we develop a factorization approach for inverse time-resolved light transport and demonstrate high-fidelity NLOS reconstructions for challenging scenes both in simulation and with an experimental NLOS imaging system.
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