Do you want to publish a course? Click here

What happens if measure the electron spin twice?

162   0   0.0 ( 0 )
 Added by Yuan-Chuan Zou
 Publication date 2018
  fields Physics
and research's language is English
 Authors Y. C. Zou




Ask ChatGPT about the research

The mainstream textbooks of quantum mechanics explains the quantum state collapses into an eigenstate in the measurement, while other explanations such as hidden variables and multi-universe deny the collapsing. Here we propose an ideal thinking experiment on measuring the spin of an electron with 3 steps. It is simple and straightforward, in short, to measure a spin-up electron in x-axis, and then in z-axis. Whether there is a collapsing predicts different results of the experiment. The future realistic experiment will show the quantum state collapses or not in the measurement.



rate research

Read More

In the system of a gravitating Q-ball, there is a maximum charge $Q_{{rm max}}$ inevitably, while in flat spacetime there is no upper bound on $Q$ in typical models such as the Affleck-Dine model. Theoretically the charge $Q$ is a free parameter, and phenomenologically it could increase by charge accumulation. We address a question of what happens to Q-balls if $Q$ is close to $Q_{{rm max}}$. First, without specifying a model, we show analytically that inflation cannot take place in the core of a Q-ball, contrary to the claim of previous work. Next, for the Affleck-Dine model, we analyze perturbation of equilibrium solutions with $Qapprox Q_{{rm max}}$ by numerical analysis of dynamical field equations. We find that the extremal solution with $Q=Q_{{rm max}}$ and unstable solutions around it are critical solutions, which means the threshold of black-hole formation.
243 - Sean M. Carroll 2008
Despite the obvious utility of the concept, it has often been argued that time does not exist. I take the opposite perspective: lets imagine that time does exist, and the universe is described by a quantum state obeying ordinary time-dependent quantum mechanics. Reconciling this simple picture with the known facts about our universe turns out to be a non-trivial task, but by taking it seriously we can infer deep facts about the fundamental nature of reality. The arrow of time finds a plausible explanation in a Heraclitean universe, described by a quantum state eternally evolving in an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space.
This contribution is an attempt to try to understand the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe within the {it spin-charge-family-theory} if assuming that transitions in non equilibrium processes among instanton vacua and complex phases in mixing matrices are the sources of the matter-antimatter asymmetry, as studied in the literature for several proposed theories. The {it spin-charge-family-theory} is, namely, very promising in showing the right way beyond the {it standard model}. It predicts families and their mass matrices, explaining the origin of the charges and of the gauge fields. It predicts that there are, after the universe passes through two $SU(2)times U(1)$ phase transitions, in which the symmetry breaks from $SO(1,3) times SU(2) times SU(2) times U(1) times SU(3)$ first to $SO(1,3) times SU(2) times U(1) times SU(3)$ and then to $SO(1,3) times U(1) times SU(3)$, twice decoupled four families. The upper four families gain masses in the first phase transition, while the second four families gain masses at the electroweak break. To these two breaks of symmetries the scalar non Abelian fields, the (superposition of the) gauge fields of the operators generating families, contribute. The lightest of the upper four families is stable (in comparison with the life of the universe) and is therefore a candidate for constituting the dark matter. The heaviest of the lower four families should be seen at the LHC or at somewhat higher energies.
A solution to the second measurement problem, determining what prior microscopic properties can be inferred from measurement outcomes (pointer positions), is worked out for projective and generalized (POVM) measurements, using consistent histories. The result supports the idea that equipment properly designed and calibrated reveals the properties it was designed to measure. Applications include Einsteins hemisphere and Wheelers delayed choice paradoxes, and a method for analyzing weak measurements without recourse to weak values. Quantum measurements are noncontextual in the original sense employed by Bell and Mermin: if $[A,B]=[A,C]=0,, [B,C] eq 0$, the outcome of an $A$ measurement does not depend on whether it is measured with $B$ or with $C$. An application to Bohms model of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen situation suggests that a faulty understanding of quantum measurements is at the root of this paradox.
While there has been much recent work studying how linguistic information is encoded in pre-trained sentence representations, comparatively little is understood about how these models change when adapted to solve downstream tasks. Using a suite of analysis techniques (probing classifiers, Representational Similarity Analysis, and model ablations), we investigate how fine-tuning affects the representations of the BERT model. We find that while fine-tuning necessarily makes significant changes, it does not lead to catastrophic forgetting of linguistic phenomena. We instead find that fine-tuning primarily affects the top layers of BERT, but with noteworthy variation across tasks. In particular, dependency parsing reconfigures most of the model, whereas SQuAD and MNLI appear to involve much shallower processing. Finally, we also find that fine-tuning has a weaker effect on representations of out-of-domain sentences, suggesting room for improvement in model generalization.
comments
Fetching comments Fetching comments
Sign in to be able to follow your search criteria
mircosoft-partner

هل ترغب بارسال اشعارات عن اخر التحديثات في شمرا-اكاديميا