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Register a new userCan the matter-antimatter asymmetry be easier to understand within the spin-charge-family-theory, predicting twice four families and two times $SU(2)$ vector gauge and scalar fields?
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Added by
Norma Mankoc Borstnik
Publication date
2010
fields
Physics
and research's language is
English
Authors
N. S. Mankoc Borstnik
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This contribution is an attempt to try to understand the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe within the {it spin-charge-family-theory} if assuming that transitions in non equilibrium processes among instanton vacua and complex phases in mixing matrices are the sources of the matter-antimatter asymmetry, as studied in the literature for several proposed theories. The {it spin-charge-family-theory} is, namely, very promising in showing the right way beyond the {it standard model}. It predicts families and their mass matrices, explaining the origin of the charges and of the gauge fields. It predicts that there are, after the universe passes through two $SU(2)times U(1)$ phase transitions, in which the symmetry breaks from $SO(1,3) times SU(2) times SU(2) times U(1) times SU(3)$ first to $SO(1,3) times SU(2) times U(1) times SU(3)$ and then to $SO(1,3) times U(1) times SU(3)$, twice decoupled four families. The upper four families gain masses in the first phase transition, while the second four families gain masses at the electroweak break. To these two breaks of symmetries the scalar non Abelian fields, the (superposition of the) gauge fields of the operators generating families, contribute. The lightest of the upper four families is stable (in comparison with the life of the universe) and is therefore a candidate for constituting the dark matter. The heaviest of the lower four families should be seen at the LHC or at somewhat higher energies.
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The assumptions of the {it standard model}, which 50 years ago offered an elegant new step towards understanding basic fermion and boson fields, are still waiting for an explanation. The {it spin-charge-family} theory is promising not only in explaining the {it standard model} postulates but also in explaining the cosmological observations, like there are the appearance of the {it dark matter}, of the {it matter-antimatter asymmetry}, making several predictions. This theory assumes that the internal degrees of freedom of fermions (spins, handedness and all the charges) are described by the Clifford algebra objects in $dge(13+1)$-dimensional space. Fermions interact with only the gravity (the vielbeins and the two kinds of the spin connection fields, which manifest in $d=(3+1)$ as all the vector gauge fields as well as the scalar fields - the higgs and the Yukawa couplings). The theory describes the internal space of fermions with the Clifford objects which are products of odd numbers of $gamma^a$ objects, what offers the explanation for quantum numbers of quarks and leptons and anti-quarks and ani-leptons, with family included. In this talk I overview shortly the achievements of the {it spin-charge-family} theory so far and in particular the explanation of the second quantization procedure offered by the description of the internal space of fermions with the anticommuting Clifford algebra objects of the odd character. The theory needs still to answer many open questions that it could be accepted as the next step beyond the {it standard model}.
The spin-charge-family theory predicts the existence of the fourth family to the observed three. The $4 times 4$ mass matrices --- determined by the nonzero vacuum expectation values of the two triplet scalars, the gauge fields of the two groups of $widetilde{SU}(2)$ determining family quantum numbers, and by the contributions of the dynamical fields of the two scalar triplets and the three scalar singlets with the family members quantum numbers ($tau^{alpha}=(Q, Q,Y)$) --- manifest the symmetry $widetilde{SU}(2) times widetilde{SU}(2) times U(1)$. All scalars carry the weak and the hyper charge of the standard model higgs field ($pm frac{1}{2},mp frac{1}{2}$, respectively). It is demonstrated, using the massless spinor basis, that the symmetry of the $4times4$ mass matrices remains $SU(2) times SU(2) times U(1)$ in all loop corrections, and it is discussed under which conditions this symmetry is kept under all corrections, that is with the corrections induced by the repetition of the nonzero vacuum expectation values included.
Fifty years ago the standard model offered an elegant new step towards understanding elementary fermion and boson fields, making several assumptions, suggested by experiments. The assumptions are still waiting for explanations. There are many proposals in the literature for the next step. The spin-charge-family theory of one of us (N.S.M.B.) is offering the explanation for not only all by the standard model assumed properties of quarks and leptons and antiquarks and antileptons, with the families included, of the vectors gauge fields, of the Higgss scalar and Yukawa couplings, but also for the second quantization postulates of Dirac and for cosmological observations, like there are the appearance of the dark matter, of matter-antimatter asymmetry, making several predictions. This theory proposes a simple starting action in d=(13+1)-dimensional space with fermions interacting with the gravity only, what manifests in d=(3+1) as the vector and scalar gauge fields, and uses the odd Clifford algebra to describe the internal space of fermions, what enables that the creation and annihilation operators for fermions fulfill the anticommutation relations for the second quantized fields without Diracs postulates: Fermions single particle states already anticommute. We present in this review article a short overview of the spin-charge-family theory, illustrating shortly on the toy model the breaks of the starting symmetries in d=(13+1)-dimensional space, which are triggered either by scalar fields - the vielbeins with the space index belonging to d>(3+1) - or by the condensate of the two right handed neutrinos, with the family quantum number not belonging to the observed families. We compare properties and predictions of this theory with the properties and predictions of SO(10) unifying theories.
The matter-antimatter asymmetry problem, corresponding to the virtual nonexistence of antimatter in the universe, is one of the greatest mysteries of cosmology. Within the framework of the Generation Model (GM) of particle physics, it is demonstrated that the matter-antimatter asymmetry problem may be understood in terms of the composite leptons and quarks of the GM. It is concluded that there is essentially no matter-antimatter asymmetry in the present universe and that the observed hydrogen-antihydrogen asymmetry may be understood in terms of statistical fluctuations associated with the complex many-body processes involved in the formation of either a hydrogen atom or an antihydrogen atom.
We propose a vector dark matter model with an exotic dark SU(2) gauge group. Two Higgs triplets are introduced to spontaneously break the symmetry. All of the dark gauge bosons become massive, and the lightest one is a viable vector DM candidate. Its stability is guaranteed by a remaining Z_2 symmetry. We study the parameter space constrained by the Higgs measurement data, the dark matter relic density, and direct and indirect detection experiments. We find numerous parameter points satisfying all the constraints, and they could be further tested in future experiments. Similar methodology can be used to construct vector dark matter models from an arbitrary SO(N) gauge group.
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