No Arabic abstract
We study the relation between qubit entanglement and Lorentzian geometry. In an earlier paper, we had given a recipe for detecting two qubit entanglement. The entanglement criterion is based on Partial Lorentz Transformations (PLT) on individual qubits. The present paper gives the theoretical framework underlying the PLT test. The treatment is based physically, on the causal structure of Minkowski spacetime, and mathematically, on a Lorentzian Singular Value Decomposition. A surprising feature is the natural emergence of Energy conditions used in Relativity. All states satisfy a Dominant Energy Condition (DEC) and separable states satisfy the Strong Energy Condition(SEC), while entangled states violate the SEC. Apart from testing for entanglement, our approach also enables us to construct a separable form for the density matrix in those cases where it exists. Our approach leads to a simple graphical three dimensional representation of the state space which shows the entangled states within the set of all states.
Geometric quantum mechanics aims to express the physical properties of quantum systems in terms of geometrical features preferentially selected in the space of pure states. Geometric characterisations are given here for systems of one, two, and three spin-1/2 particles, drawing attention to the classification of quantum states into entanglement types.
We investigate the monogamy relations related to the concurrence and the entanglement of formation. General monogamy inequalities given by the {alpha}th power of concurrence and entanglement of formation are presented for N-qubit states. The monogamy relation for entanglement of assistance is also established. Based on these general monogamy relations, the residual entanglement of concurrence and entanglement of formation are studied. Some relations among the residual entanglement, entanglement of assistance, and three tangle are also presented.
Two qubits in pure entangled states going through separate paths and interacting with their own individual environments will gradually lose their entanglement. Here we show that the entanglement change of a two-qubit state due to amplitude damping noises can be recovered by entanglement swapping. Some initial states can be asymptotically purified into maximally entangled states by iteratively using our protocol.
We approach multipartite entanglement classification in the symmetric subspace in terms of algebraic geometry, its natural language. We show that the class of symmetric separable states has the structure of a Veronese variety and that its $k$-secant varieties are SLOCC invariants. Thus SLOCC classes gather naturally into families. This classification presents useful properties such as a linear growth of the number of families with the number of particles, and nesting, i.e. upward consistency of the classification. We attach physical meaning to this classification through the required interaction length of parent Hamiltonians. We show that the states $W_N$ and GHZ$_N$ are in the same secant family and that, effectively, the former can be obtained in a limit from the latter. This limit is understood in terms of tangents, leading to a refinement of the previous families. We compute explicitly the classification of symmetric states with $Nleq 4$ qubits in terms of both secant families and its refinement using tangents. This paves the way to further use of projective varieties in algebraic geometry to solve open problems in entanglement theory.
The entanglement witness is an important and experimentally applicable tool for entanglement detection. In this paper, we provide a nonlinear improvement of any entanglement witness for $2otimes d$ quantum systems. Compared with any existing entanglement witness, the improved separability criterion only needs two more measurements on local observables. Detailed examples are employed to illustrate the efficiency of the nonlinear improvement for general, optimal and non-decomposable entanglement witnesses.