No Arabic abstract
We make use of a Hylleraas-type wave function to derive an exact analytical model to quantify correlation in two-electron atomic/ionic systems and subsequently employ it to examine the role of inter-electronic repulsion in affecting (i) the bare (uncorrelated) single-particle position- and momentum-space charge distributions and (ii) corresponding Shannons information entropies. The results presented for the first five members in the helium iso-electronic sequence, on the one hand, correctly demonstrate the effect of correlation on bare charge distributions and, on the other hand, lead us to some important results for the correlated and uncorrelated values of the entropies. These include the limiting behavior of the correlated entropy sum (sum of position- and momentum-space entropies) and geometrical realization for the variation of information entropies as a function of Z. We suggest that, rather than the entropy sum, individual entropies should be regarded as better candidates for the measure of correlation.
Based on the Pauli spin operators we develop the notion of the spin-correlation matrix for the two-qubit system. If this matrix is non-zero, the measure of the correlation between the qubits is the average of the non-zero elements. Trivially, for zero matrix the bipartite is uncorrelated. This criterion turns out to be a necessary and sufficient condition for the full correlation, where it includes information on both entanglement and correlation other than entanglement. Moreover, we discuss to what extent this criterion can give information on the entanglement of the system. The criterion is generic in the sense that it can be applied to mixed and pure systems. Also, it can be easily extended to treat the correlation of multipartite systems. We compare the results obtained from this criterion to those from concurrence for various examples and we gain agreement regarding entanglement. We believe that this criterion may have a wide range of potential applications in quantum information theory.
Based on the notion of maximal correlation, Kimeldorf, May and Sampson (1980) introduce a measure of correlation between two random variables, called the concordant monotone correlation (CMC). We revisit, generalize and prove new properties of this measure of correlation. It is shown that CMC captures various types of correlation detected in measures of rank correlation like the Kendall tau correlation. We show that the CMC satisfies the data processing and tensorization properties (that make ordinary maximal correlation applicable to problems in information theory). Furthermore, CMC is shown to be intimately related to the FKG inequality. Furthermore, a combinatorical application of CMC is given for which we do not know of another method to derive its result. Finally, we study the problem of the complexity of the computation of the CMC, which is a non-convex optimization problem with local maximas. We give a simple but exponential-time algorithm that is guaranteed to output the exact value of the generalized CMC.
Early-time electron-positron correlation in vacuum pair-production in an external field is investigated. The entangled electron and positron wave functions are obtained analytically in the configuration and momentum spaces. It is shown that, relative to that of the one-dimensional theory, two- and three-dimensional calculations yield enhanced spatial correlation and broadened momentum spectrum. In fact, at early times the electron and positron almost coincide spatially. The correlation also depends on the direction of the applied field. For the spatial correlation, the transverse correlation is stronger than the longitudinal one.
Metrics have been used to investigate the relationship between wavefunction distances and density distances for families of specific systems. We extend this research to look at random potentials for time-dependent single electron systems, and for ground-state two electron systems. We find that Fourier series are a good basis for generating random potentials. These random potentials also yield quasi-linear relationships between the distances of ground-state densities and wavefunctions, providing a framework in which Density Functional Theory can be explored.
We study and compare the time evolutions of concurrence and quantum discord in a driven system of two interacting qubits prepared in a generic Werner state. The~corresponding quantum dynamics is exactly treated and manifests the appearance and disappearance of entanglement. Our analytical treatment transparently unveils the physical reasons for the occurrence of such a phenomenon, relating it to the dynamical invariance of the $X$ structure of the initial state. The~quantum correlations which asymptotically emerge in the system are investigated in detail in terms of the time evolution of the fidelity of the initial Werner state.