No Arabic abstract
This paper examines the oscillatory behaviour of complex viscoelastic systems with power law-like relaxation behaviour. Specifically, we use the fractional Maxwell model, consisting of a spring and fractional dashpot in series, which produces a power-law creep behaviour and a relaxation law following the Mittag-Leffler function. The fractional dashpot is characterised by a parameter beta, continuously moving from the pure viscous behaviour when beta=1 to the purely elastic response when beta=0. In this work, we study the general response function and focus on the oscillatory behaviour of a fractional Maxwell system in four regimes: stress impulse, strain impulse, step stress, and driven oscillations. The solutions are presented in a format analogous to the classical oscillator, showing how the fractional nature of relaxation changes the long-time equilibrium behaviour and the short-time transient solutions. We specifically test the critical damping conditions in the fractional regime, since these have a particular relevance in biomechanics.
The response of an oscillating granular damper to an initial perturbation is studied using experiments performed in microgravity and granular dynamics mulations. High-speed video and image processing techniques are used to extract experimental data. An inelastic hard sphere model is developed to perform simulations and the results are in excellent agreement with the experiments. The granular damper behaves like a frictional damper and a linear decay of the amplitude is bserved. This is true even for the simulation model, where friction forces are absent. A simple expression is developed which predicts the optimal damping conditions for a given amplitude and is independent of the oscillation frequency and particle inelasticities.
Many experiments show that protein condensates formed by liquid-liquid phase separation exhibit aging rheological properties. Quantitatively, recent experiments by Jawerth et al. (Science 370, 1317, 2020) show that protein condensates behave as aging Maxwell fluids with an increasing relaxation time as the condensates age. Despite the universality of this aging phenomenon, a theoretical understanding of this aging behavior is lacking. In this work, we propose a mesoscopic model of protein condensates in which a phase transition from aging phase to non-aging phase occurs as the control parameter changes, such as temperature. The model predicts that protein condensates behave as viscoelastic Maxwell fluids at all ages, with the macroscopic viscosity increasing over time. The model also predicts that protein condensates are non-Newtonian fluids under a constant shear rate with the shear stress increasing over time. Our model successfully explains multiple existing experimental observations and also makes general predictions that are experimentally testable.
Franz-Keldysh oscillations of the optical absorption in the presence of short-range disorder are studied theoretically. The magnitude of the effect depends on the relation between the mean-free path in a zero field and the distance between the turning points in electric field. Damping of the Franz-Keldysh oscillations by the disorder develops at high absorption frequency. Effect of damping is amplified by the fact that, that electron and hole are most sensitive to the disorder near the turning points. This is because, near the turning points, velocities of electron and hole turn to zero.
We report measurements of resistance oscillations in micron-scale antidots in both the integer and fractional quantum Hall regimes. In the integer regime, we conclude that oscillations are of the Coulomb type from the scaling of magnetic field period with the number of edges bound to the antidot. Based on both gate-voltage and field periods, we find at filling factor { u} = 2 a tunneling charge of e and two charged edges. Generalizing this picture to the fractional regime, we find (again, based on field and gate-voltage periods) at { u} = 2/3 a tunneling charge of (2/3)e and a single charged edge.
We develop a systematic theory of microwave-induced oscillations in magnetoresistivity of a 2D electron gas in the vicinity of fractional harmonics of the cyclotron resonance, observed in recent experiments. We show that in the limit of well-separated Landau levels the effect is dominated by the multiphoton inelastic mechanism. At moderate magnetic field, two single-photon mechanisms become important. One of them is due to resonant series of multiple single-photon transitions, while the other originates from microwave-induced sidebands in the density of states of disorder-broadened Landau levels.