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Register a new userThe WA105-3x1x1 m3 dual phase LAr-TPC demonstrator
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Sebastien Murphy
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The dual phase Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LAr TPC) is the state-of-art technology for neutrino detection thanks to its superb 3D tracking and calorimetry performance. Its main feature is the charge amplification in gas argon which provides excellent signal-to-noise ratio. Electrons produced in the liquid argon are extracted in the gas phase. Here, a readout plane based on Large Electron Multiplier detectors provides amplification of the charges before its collection onto an anode with strip readout. The charge amplification enables constructing fully homoge- nous giant LAr-TPCs with tuneable gain, excellent charge imaging performance and increased sensitivity to low energy events. Following a staged approach the WA105 collaboration is con- structing a dual phase LAr-TPC with an active volume of 3x1x1m3 that will soon be tested with cosmic rays. Its construction and operation aims to test scalable solutions for the crucial aspects of this technology: ultra high argon purity in non-evacuable tank, large area dual phase charge readout system in several square meter scale, and accessible cold front-end electronics. A mile- stone was achieved last year in the completion of the 24 m3 cryostat that hosts the TPC. This is the first cryostat based on membrane technology to be constructed at CERN and is therefore also an important step towards the realisation of the upcoming protoDUNE detectors. The 3x1x1m3 dual phase LAr-TPC will be described in and we will report on the latest construction progress.
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In this paper we give a concise description of a liquid argon time projection chamber (LAr TPC) developed at Yale, and present results from its first calibration run with cosmic rays.
For the future neutrino oscillation experiment DUNE, liquid argon time projections chambers with a fiducial mass of 10 kton each are foreseen. The dual phase concept is one of the two implementations considered, wherein electrons produced by ionization in the liquid are extracted to a gaseous region above the liquid where they are amplified. For the amplification, large electron multipliers will be used. The technology was tested in various prototypes, most recently with a 3 x 1 x 1 m$^3$ large setup. An even larger prototype of 6 x 6 x 6 m$^3$ is currently being constructed and will start operation in 2019. An intensive R&D program was carried out with the focus on achieving an effective gain of at least 20. In the simulation study here presented for the first time not only the electron signal is considered but also the ion backflow and the expected production of secondary scintillation light is studied, because the latter might limit the capability of the detector to trigger on low energetic no-beam physics. It is found that the ion backflow and the light yield can be expected to be very large. The results for the effective gain show a discrepancy with experimental data, both in size and shape of the gain curve. Based on literature studies, it is argued that photon feedback contributes to the gain in detectors filled with pure noble gases, especially in the case of pure argon.
A double-phase argon Time Projection Chamber (TPC), with an active mass of 185 g, has been designed and constructed for the Recoil Directionality (ReD) experiment. The aim of the ReD project is to investigate the directional sensitivity of argon-based TPCs via columnar recombination to nuclear recoils in the energy range of interest (20-200 keV$_{nr}$) for direct dark matter searches. The key novel feature of the ReD TPC is a readout system based on cryogenic Silicon Photomultipliers, which are employed and operated continuously for the first time in an argon TPC. Over the course of six months, the ReD TPC was commissioned and characterised under various operating conditions using $gamma$-ray and neutron sources, demonstrating remarkable stability of the optical sensors and reproducibility of the results. The scintillation gain and ionisation amplification of the TPC were measured to be $g_1 = (0.194 pm 0.013)$ PE/photon and $g_2 = (20.0 pm 0.9)$ PE/electron, respectively. The ratio of the ionisation to scintillation signals (S2/S1), instrumental for the positive identification of a candidate directional signal induced by WIMPs, has been investigated for both nuclear and electron recoils. At a drift field of 183 V/cm, an S2/S1 dispersion of 12% was measured for nuclear recoils of approximately 60-90 keV$_{nr}$, as compared to 18% for electron recoils depositing 60 keV of energy. The detector performance reported here meets the requirements needed to achieve the principal scientific goals of the ReD experiment in the search for a directional effect due to columnar recombination. A phenomenological parameterisation of the recombination probability in LAr is presented and employed for modeling the dependence of scintillation quenching and charge yield on the drift field for electron recoils between 50-500 keV and fields up to 1000 V/cm.
The Short Baseline Near Detector (SBND) is one of three liquid argon (LAr) neutrino detectors sitting in the Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) at Fermilab as part of the Short Baseline Neutrino (SBN) program. The detector is in a cryostat holding 260-ton of LAr and consists of four 2.5 m (L) $times$ 4 m (W) Anode Plane Assembles (APAs) and two Cathode Plane Assemblies (CPAs), which leads to 11,264 Time Projection Chamber (TPC) readout channels and two separate 2 m long drift regions. As an enabling technology, Cold Electronics (CE) developed for cryogenic temperature operation makes possible an optimum balance among various design and performance requirements for such large sized detectors. Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) has been leading the R&D and implementation of the entire front-end CE system for LAr TPC readout in collaboration with other SBND institutes. The front-end readout electronics system includes the cold front-end electronics placed close to the wire electrodes, which detects and digitizes the charge signal in LAr, as well as the warm interface electronics placed on the signal feed-through flange outside of the cryostat, which further organizes and transmits the digitized signal to the DAQ system. An extensive study of electronics suitable for 77 K - 300 K, including the custom designed front-end ASIC and commercial components, e.g. ADC and FPGA, has been made to meet requirements such as low noise, low power consumption, high reliability and long lifetime. Furthermore, an integral design concept of APA, CE, feed-through, warm interface electronics with local diagnostics, grounding and isolation rules has been practiced with vertical slice test stands to make projection of the CE performance in the SBND detector.
ARGONTUBE is a liquid argon time projection chamber (TPC) with an electron drift length of up to 5 m equipped with cryogenic charge-sensitive preamplifiers. In this work, we present results on its performance including a comparison of the new cryogenic charge-sensitive preamplifiers with the previously used room-temperature-operated charge preamplifiers.
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