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Register a new userBubble dynamics and the quark-hadron phase transition in nuclear collisions
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We study the nucleation of a quark gluon plasma (QGP) phase in a hadron gas at low temperatures and high baryon densities. This kind of process will presumably happen very often in nuclear collisions at FAIR and NICA. When the appropriate energy densities (or baryon densities) and temperatures are reached the conversion of one phase into another is not instantaneous. It is a complex process, which involves the nucleation of bubbles of the new phase. One important element of this transition process is the rate of growth of a QGP bubble. In order to estimate it we solve the Relativistic Rayleigh$-$Plesset equation which governs the dynamics of a relativistic spherical bubble in a strongly interacting medium. The baryon rich hadron gas is represented by the nonlinear Walecka model and the QGP is described by the MIT bag model and also by a mean field model of QCD.
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The performed systematic meta-analysis of the quality of data description (QDD) of existing event generators of nucleus-nucleus collisions allows us to extract a very important physical information. Our meta-analysis is dealing with the results of 10 event generators which describe data measured in the range of center of mass collision energies from 3.1 GeV to 17.3 GeV. It considers the mean deviation squared per number of experimental points obtained by these event generators, i.e. the QDD, as the results of independent meta-measurements. These generators and their QDDs are divided in two groups. The first group includes the generators which account for the quark-gluon plasma formation during nuclear collisions (QGP models), while the second group includes the generators which do not assume the QGP formation in such collisions (hadron gas models). Comparing the QDD of more than a hundred of different data sets of strange hadrons by two groups of models, we found two regions of the equal quality description of data which are located at the center of mass collision energies 4.4-4.87 GeV and 10.8-12 GeV. At the collision energies below 4.4 GeV the hadron gas models describe data much better than the QGP one and, hence, we associate this region with hadron phase. At the collision energies between 5 GeV and 10.8 GeV and above 12 GeV we found that QGP models describe data essentially better than the hadron gas ones and, hence, these regions we associate with the quark-gluon phase. As a result, the collision energy regions 4.4-4.87 GeV and 10.8-12 GeV we interpret as the energies of the hadron-quark-gluon mixed phase formation. Based on these findings we argue that the most probable energy range of the QCD phase diagram (tri)critical endpoint is 12-14 GeV.
In this work we present the features of the hadron-quark phase transition diagrams in which the pions are included in the system. To construct such diagrams we use two different models in the description of the hadronic and quark sectors. At the quark level, we consider two distinct parametrizations of the Polyakov-Nambu-Jona-Lasinio (PNJL) models. In the hadronic side, we use a well known relativistic mean-field (RMF) nonlinear Walecka model. We show that the effect of the pions on the hadron-quark phase diagrams is to move the critical end point (CEP) of the transitions lines. Such an effect also depends on the value of the critical temperature (T_0) in the pure gauge sector used to parametrize the PNJL models. Here we treat the phase transitions using two values for T_0, namely, T_0 = 270 MeV and T_0 = 190 MeV. The last value is used to reproduce lattice QCD data for the transition temperature at zero chemical potential.
We study quark-hadron phase transition at finite temperature with zero net baryon density by the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model for interacting quarks in uniform background temporal color gauge fields. At low temperatures, unphysical thermal quark-antiquark excitations which would appear in the mean field approximation, are eliminated by en- forcing vanishing expectation value of the Polyakov-loop of the background gauge field, while at high temperatures this expectation value is taken as unity allowing thermal excitations of free quarks and antiquarks. Mesonic excitations in the low temperature phase appear in the correlation energy as contributions of collective excitations. We describe them in terms of thermal fluctuations of auxiliary fields in one-loop (Gaus- sian) approximation, where pions appear as Nambu-Goldstone modes associated with dynamical symmetry breaking of the chiral symmetry in the limit of vanishing bare quark masses. We show that at low temperatures the equations of state reduces to that of free meson gas with small corrections arising from the composite nature of mesons. At high temperatures, all these collective mesonic excitations melt into continuum of quark anti-quark excitations and mesonic correlations gives only small contributions the pressure of the system.
The region of large net-baryon densities in the QCD phase diagram is expected to exhibit a first-order phase transition. Experimentally, its study will be one of the primaryobjectives for the upcoming FAIR accelerator. We model the transition between quarks and hadrons in a heavy-ion collision using a fluid which is coupled to the explicit dynamics of the chiral order parameter and a dilaton field. This allows us to investigate signals stemming from the nonequilibrium evolution during the expansion of the hot plasma. Special emphasis is put on an event-by-event analysis of baryon number fluctuations which have long since been claimed to be sensitive to a critical point.
We investigate systematically the quark-hadron mixed phase in dense stellar matter, and its influence on compact star structures. The properties of quark matter and hadronic matter are fixed based on various model predictions. Beside adopting constant values, the surface tension $Sigma$ for the quark-hadron interface is estimated with the multiple reflection expansion method and equivparticle model. To fix the structures of quark-hadron pasta phases, a continuous dimensionality of the structure is adopted as proposed by Ravenhall, Pethick, and Wilson. The corresponding properties of hybrid stars are then obtained and confronted with pulsar observations. It is found that the correlation between radius and tidal deformability in traditional neutron stars preserves in hybrid stars. For those permitted by pulsar observations, in almost all cases the quark phase persists inside the most massive compact stars. The quark-hadron interface plays an important role on hybrid star structures once quark matter emerges. The surface tension $Sigma$ estimated with various methods increases with density, which predicts stiffer EOSs for the quark-hadron mixed phase and increases the maximum mass of hybrid stars. The EOSs of hybrid star matter are well constrained at densities $nlesssim 0.8$ fm${}^{-3}$, while larger uncertainty is expected at higher densities.
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