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Register a new userAbsolute Energy Calibration of X-ray TESs with 0.04 eV Uncertainty at 6.4 keV in a Hadron-Beam Environment
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A performance evaluation of superconducting transition-edge sensors (TESs) in the environment of a pion beam line at a particle accelerator is presented. Averaged across the 209 functioning sensors in the array, the achieved energy resolution is 5.2 eV FWHM at Co $K_{alpha}$ (6.9 keV) when the pion beam is off and 7.3 eV at a beam rate of 1.45 MHz. Absolute energy uncertainty of $pm$0.04 eV is demonstrated for Fe $K_{alpha}$ (6.4 keV) with in-situ energy calibration obtained from other nearby known x-ray lines. To achieve this small uncertainty, it is essential to consider the non-Gaussian energy response of the TESs and thermal cross-talk pile-up effects due to charged-particle hits in the silicon substrate of the TES array.
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This paper presents an absolute X-ray photon energy measurement method that uses a Bond diffractometer. The proposed system enables the prompt and rapid in-situ measurement of photon energies in a wide energy range. The diffractometer uses a reference silicon single crystal plate and a highly accurate angle encoder called SelfA. We evaluate the performance of the system by repeatedly measuring the energy of the first excited state of the potassium-40 nuclide. The excitation energy is determined as 29829.39(6) eV. It is one order of magnitude more precise than the previous measurement. The estimated uncertainty of the photon energy measurement was 0.7 ppm as a standard deviation and the maximum observed deviation was 2 ppm.
The measurement of the neutron capture cross-section as a function of energy in the thermal range requires a precise knowledge of the absolute neutron flux. In this paper a new method of calibrating a thermal neutron beam using the controlled activation of sodium is described. The method is applied to the FP-14 Time Of Flight neutron beam line at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center to calibrate the beam to a precision of $pm5$%.
Transition Edge Sensor (TES) spectrometers for hard X-ray beamline science will enable improved X-ray emission and absorption spectroscopy in the information-rich 2 to 20 keV energy range. We are building a TES-based instrument for the Advanced Photon Source (APS) synchrotron, to be made available to beamline users. 24-pixel prototype arrays have recently been fabricated and tested. The first spectroscopy measurements using these arrays are promising, with a best single-pixel energy resolution of 11.2 eV and saturation energy > 20 keV. We present a series of recent X-ray Fluorescence measurements involving transition metal elements and multi-element samples with closely spaced emission lines, in particular a Cu-Ni-Co thin film and a foil of Cu and Hf. The TES-measured spectra are directly compared to spectra measured with silicon drift detectors at an APS beamline, demonstrating the improved X-ray science made possible by TES spectrometers.
The calibration procedure of a finely granulated digital hadron calorimeter with Resistive Plate Chambers as active elements is described. Results obtained with a stack of nine layers exposed to muons from the Fermilab test beam are presented.
A new method for calibrating the hadron response of a segmented calorimeter is developed and successfully applied to beam test data. It is based on a principal component analysis of energy deposits in the calorimeter layers, exploiting longitudinal shower development information to improve the measured energy resolution. Corrections for invisible hadronic energy and energy lost in dead material in front of and between the calorimeters of the ATLAS experiment were calculated with simulated Geant4 Monte Carlo events and used to reconstruct the energy of pions impinging on the calorimeters during the 2004 Barrel Combined Beam Test at the CERN H8 area. For pion beams with energies between 20 GeV and 180 GeV, the particle energy is reconstructed within 3% and the energy resolution is improved by between 11% and 25% compared to the resolution at the electromagnetic scale.
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