Subscribe to the gold package and get unlimited access to Shamra Academy
Register a new userHydrodynamic oscillations and variable swimming speed in squirmers close to repulsive walls
188
0
0.0
(
0
)
Ask ChatGPT about the research
No Arabic abstract
We present a lattice Boltzmann study of the hydrodynamics of a fully resolved squirmer, radius R, confined in a slab of fluid between two no-slip walls. We show that the coupling between hydrodynamics and short-range repulsive interactions between the swimmer and the surface can lead to hydrodynamic trapping of both pushers and pullers at the wall, and to hydrodynamic oscillations in the case of a pusher. We further show that a pusher moves significantly faster when close to a surface than in the bulk, whereas a puller undergoes a transition between fast motion and a dynamical standstill according to the range of the repulsive interaction. Our results critically require near-field hydrodynamics; they further suggest that it should be possible to control density and speed of squirmers at a surface by tuning the range of steric and electrostatic swimmer-wall interactions.
rate research
Read More
We present a study of the hydrodynamics of an active particle, a model squirmer, in an envi- ronment with a broken rotational symmetry: a nematic liquid crystal. By combining simulations with analytic calculations, we show that the hydrodynamic coupling between the squirmer flow field and liquid crystalline director can lead to re-orientation of the swimmers. The preferred orientation depends on the exact details of the squirmer flow field. In a steady state, pushers are shown to swim parallel with the nematic director while pullers swim perpendicular to the nematic director. This behaviour arises solely from hydrodynamic coupling between the squirmer flow field and anisotropic viscosities of the host fluid. Our results suggest that an anisotropic swimming medium can be used to characterise and guide spherical microswimmers in the bulk.
Cell motility in viscous fluids is ubiquitous and affects many biological processes, including reproduction, infection, and the marine life ecosystem. Here we review the biophysical and mechanical principles of locomotion at the small scales relevant to cell swimming (tens of microns and below). The focus is on the fundamental flow physics phenomena occurring in this inertia-less realm, and the emphasis is on the simple physical picture. We review the basic properties of flows at low Reynolds number, paying special attention to aspects most relevant for swimming, such as resistance matrices for solid bodies, flow singularities, and kinematic requirements for net translation. Then we review classical theoretical work on cell motility: early calculations of the speed of a swimmer with prescribed stroke, and the application of resistive-force theory and slender-body theory to flagellar locomotion. After reviewing the physical means by which flagella are actuated, we outline areas of active research, including hydrodynamic interactions, biological locomotion in complex fluids, the design of small-scale artificial swimmers, and the optimization of locomotion strategies.
We study a swimming undulating sheet in the isotropic phase of an active nematic liquid crystal. Activity changes the effective shear viscosity, reducing it to zero at a critical value of activity. Expanding in the sheet amplitude, we find that the correction to the swimming speed due to activity is inversely proportional to the effective shear viscosity. Our perturbative calculation becomes invalid near the critical value of activity; using numerical methods to probe this regime, we find that activity enhances the swimming speed by an order of magnitude compared to the passive case.
The dynamics and motion of multi-ciliated microswimmers with a spherical body and a small number N (with 5 < N < 60) of cilia with length comparable to the body radius, is investigated by mesoscale hydrodynamics simulations. A metachronal wave is imposed for the cilia beat, for which the wave vector has both a longitudinal and a latitudinal component. The dynamics and motion is characterized by the swimming velocity, its variation over the beat cycle, the spinning velocity around the main body axis, as well as the parameters of the helical trajectory. Our simulation results show that the microswimmer motion strongly depends on the latitudinal wave number and the longitudinal phase lag. The microswimmers are found to swim smoothly and usually spin around their own axis. Chirality of the metachronal beat pattern generically generates helical trajectories. In most cases, the helices are thin and stretched, i.e. the helix radius is about an order of magnitude smaller than the pitch. The rotational diffusion of the microswimmer is significantly smaller than the passive rotational diffusion of the body alone, which indicates that the extended cilia contribute strongly to the hydrodynamic radius. The swimming velocity vswim is found to increase with the cilia number N with a slightly sublinear power law, consistent with the behavior expected from the dependence of the transport velocity of planar cilia arrays on the cilia separation.
A small, bimetallic particle in a hydrogen peroxide solution can propel itself by means of an electrocatalytic reaction. The swimming is driven by a flux of ions around the particle. We model this process for the presence of a monovalent salt, where reaction-driven proton currents induce salt ion currents. A theory for thin diffuse layers is employed, which yields nonlinear, coupled transport equations. The boundary conditions include a compact Stern layer of adsorbed ions. Electrochemical processes on the particle surface are modeled with a first order reaction of the Butler-Volmer type. The equations are solved numerically for the swimming speed. An analytical approximation is derived under the assumption that the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide occurs mainly without inducing an electric current. We find that the swimming speed increases linearly with hydrogen peroxide concentration for small concentrations. The influence of ion diffusion on the reaction rate can lead to a concave shape of the function of speed vs. hydrogen peroxide concentration. The compact layer of ions on the particle diminishes the reaction rate and consequently reduces the speed. Our results are consistent with published experimental data.
Log in to be able to interact and post comments
comments
Fetching comments
Sign in to be able to follow your search criteria
