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Register a new userQuartz Capillary Cladding Anthracene and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon(PAH)-Core Scintillating/WLS Fibers for High Rates and Radiation Damage Resistance
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Quartz capillary tube/fibers have been filled with anthracene by a melt and vacuum inbibition process to fabricate a scintillating core fiber. Other polcyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAH), such as p-Terphenyl (pTP), stilbene or naphthalene are also well-suited to scintillating/shifting fiber cores. The resulting scintillating core with quartz cladding capillary fibers (250-750 micron cores) had a high specific light output when tested with muons (8 p.e. per MIP). These PAH core quartz capillary cladding scintillating/shifting optical fibers have the potential of high radiation resistance, fast response, and are applicable to many energy and intensity frontier experiments.
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Using an AKARI multi-wavelength mid-infrared (IR) survey, we identify luminous starburst galaxies at z> 0.5 based on the PAH luminosity, and investigate the nature of these PAH-selected starbursts. An extragalactic survey with AKARI towards the north ecliptic pole (NEP), the NEP-Deep survey, is unique in terms of a comprehensive wavelength coverage from 2 to 24um using all 9 photometric bands of the InfraRed Camera (IRC). This survey allows us to photometrically identify galaxies whose mid-IR emission is clearly dominated by PAHs. We propose a single colour selection method to identify such galaxies, using two mid-IR flux ratios at 11-to-7um and 15-to-9um (PAH-to-continuum flux ratio in the rest-frame), which are useful to identify starburst galaxies at z~0.5 and 1, respectively. We perform a fitting of the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) from optical to mid-IR wavelengths, using an evolutionary starburst model with a proper treatment of radiative transfer (SBURT), in order to investigate their nature. The SBURT model reproduces observed optical-to-mid-IR SEDs of more than a half of PAH-selected galaxies. Based on the 8um luminosity, we find ultra luminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) among PAH-selected galaxies. Their PAH luminosity is higher than local ULIRGs with a similar luminosity, and the PAH-to-total IR luminosity ratio is consistent with that of less luminous starburst galaxies. They are a unique galaxy population at high redshifts and we call these PAH-selected ULIRGs PAH-luminous galaxies. Although they are not as massive as submillimetre galaxies at z~2, they have the stellar mass of >3x10^{10} Msun and therefore moderately massive.
Using physical models, we study the sensitivity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission spectra to the character of the illuminating starlight, to the PAH size distribution, and to the PAH charge distribution. Starlight models considered range from the emission from a 3 Myr-old starburst, rich in far-ultraviolet (FUV) radiation, to the FUV-poor spectrum of the very old population of the M31 bulge. A wide range of starlight intensities is considered. The effects of reddening in dusty clouds are investigated for different starlight spectra. For a fixed PAH abundance parameter $q_{rm PAH}$ (the fraction of the total dust mass in PAHs with $<10^3$ C atoms), the fraction of the IR power appearing in the PAH emission features can vary by a factor of two as the starlight spectrum varies from FUV-poor (M31 bulge) to FUV-rich (young starburst). We show how $q_{rm PAH}$ can be measured from the strength of the 7.7$mu$m emission. The fractional power in the 17$mu$m feature can be suppressed by high starlight intensities.
Context: PAHs appear to be an ubiquitous interstellar dust component but the effects of shocks waves upon them have never been fully investigated. Aims: To study the effects of energetic (~0.01-1 keV) ion (H, He and C) and electron collisions on PAHs in interstellar shock waves.Methods: We calculate the ion-PAH and electron-PAH nuclear and electronic interactions, above the threshold for carbon atom loss from a PAH, in 50-200 km/s shock waves in the warm intercloud medium. Results: Interstellar PAHs (Nc = 50) do not survive in shocks with velocities greater than 100 km/s and larger PAHs (Nc = 200) are destroyed for shocks with velocities greater/equal to 125 km/s. For shocks in the ~75 - 100 km/s range, where destruction is not complete, the PAH structure is likely to be severely denatured by the loss of an important fraction (20-40%) of the carbon atoms. We derive typical PAH lifetimes of the order of a few x10^8 yr for the Galaxy. These results are robust and independent of the uncertainties in some key parameters that have yet to be well-determined experimentally. Conclusions: The observation of PAH emission in shock regions implies that that emission either arises outside the shocked region or that those regions entrain denser clumps that, unless they are completely ablated and eroded in the shocked gas, allow dust and PAHs to survive in extreme environments.
Context: Cosmic rays are present in almost all phases of the ISM. PAHs and cosmic rays represent an abundant and ubiquitous component of the interstellar medium. However, the interaction between them has never before been fully investigated. Aims: To study the effects of cosmic ray ion (H, He, CNO and Fe-Co-Ni) and electron bombardment of PAHs in galactic and extragalactic environments. Methods: We calculate the nuclear and electronic interactions for collisions between PAHs and cosmic ray ions and electrons with energies between 5 MeV/nucleon and 10 GeV, above the threshold for carbon atom loss, in normal galaxies, starburst galaxies and cooling flow galaxy clusters. Results: The timescale for PAH destruction by cosmic ray ions depends on the electronic excitation energy Eo and on the amount of energy available for dissociation. Small PAHs are destroyed faster, with He and the CNO group being the more effective projectiles. For electron collisions, the lifetime is independent of the PAH size and varies with the threshold energy To. Conclusions: Cosmic rays process the PAHs in diffuse clouds, where the destruction due to interstellar shocks is less efficient. In the hot gas filling galactic halos, outflows of starburst galaxies and intra-cluster medium, PAH destruction is dominated by collisions with thermal ions and electrons, but this mechanism is ineffective if the molecules are in denser cloudlets and isolated from the hot gas. Cosmic rays can access the denser clouds and together with X-rays will set the lifetime of those protected PAHs. This limits the use of PAHs as a`dye for tracing the presence of cold entrained material.
Context: PAHs are thought to be a ubiquitous and important dust component of the interstellar medium. However, the effects of their immersion in a hot (post-shock) gas have never before been fully investigated. Aims: We study the effects of energetic ion and electron collisions on PAHs in the hot post-shock gas behind interstellar shock waves. Methods: We calculate the ion-PAH and electron-PAH nuclear and electronic interactions, above the carbon atom loss threshold, in H II regions and in the hot post-shock gas, for temperatures ranging from 10^3 to 10^8 K. Results: PAH destruction is dominated by He collisions at low temperatures (T < 3x10^4 K), and by electron collisions at higher temperatures. Smaller PAHs are destroyed faster for T < 10^6 K, but the destruction rates are roughly the same for all PAHs at higher temperatures. The PAH lifetime in a tenuous hot gas (n_H ~ 0.01 cm^-3, T ~ 10^7 K), typical of the coronal gas in galactic outflows, is found to be about thousand years, orders of magnitude shorter than the typical lifetime of such objects. Conclusions: In a hot gas, PAHs are principally destroyed by electron collisions and not by the absorption of X-ray photons from the hot gas. The resulting erosion of PAHs occurs via C_2 loss from the periphery of the molecule, thus preserving the aromatic structure. The observation of PAH emission from a million degree, or more, gas is only possible if the emitting PAHs are ablated from dense, entrained clumps that have not yet been exposed to the full effect of the hot gas.
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