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Register a new userTight lower bounds for online labeling problem
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Added by
Jan Bul\\'anek
Publication date
2011
fields
Informatics Engineering
and research's language is
English
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We consider the file maintenance problem (also called the online labeling problem) in which n integer items from the set {1,...,r} are to be stored in an array of size m >= n. The items are presented sequentially in an arbitrary order, and must be stored in the array in sorted order (but not necessarily in consecutive locations in the array). Each new item must be stored in the array before the next item is received. If r<=m then we can simply store item j in location j but if r>m then we may have to shift the location of stored items to make space for a newly arrived item. The algorithm is charged each time an item is stored in the array, or moved to a new location. The goal is to minimize the total number of such moves done by the algorithm. This problem is non-trivial when n=<m<r. In the case that m=Cn for some C>1, algorithms for this problem with cost O(log(n)^2) per item have been given [IKR81, Wil92, BCD+02]. When m=n, algorithms with cost O(log(n)^3) per item were given [Zha93, BS07]. In this paper we prove lower bounds that show that these algorithms are optimal, up to constant factors. Previously, the only lower bound known for this range of parameters was a lower bound of Omega(log(n)^2) for the restricted class of smooth algorithms [DSZ05a, Zha93]. We also provide an algorithm for the sparse case: If the number of items is polylogarithmic in the array size then the problem can be solved in amortized constant time per item.
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Vizings celebrated theorem asserts that any graph of maximum degree $Delta$ admits an edge coloring using at most $Delta+1$ colors. In contrast, Bar-Noy, Naor and Motwani showed over a quarter century that the trivial greedy algorithm, which uses $2Delta-1$ colors, is optimal among online algorithms. Their lower bound has a caveat, however: it only applies to low-degree graphs, with $Delta=O(log n)$, and they conjectured the existence of online algorithms using $Delta(1+o(1))$ colors for $Delta=omega(log n)$. Progress towards resolving this conjecture was only made under stochastic arrivals (Aggarwal et al., FOCS03 and Bahmani et al., SODA10). We resolve the above conjecture for emph{adversarial} vertex arrivals in bipartite graphs, for which we present a $(1+o(1))Delta$-edge-coloring algorithm for $Delta=omega(log n)$ known a priori. Surprisingly, if $Delta$ is not known ahead of time, we show that no $big(frac{e}{e-1} - Omega(1) big) Delta$-edge-coloring algorithm exists. We then provide an optimal, $big(frac{e}{e-1}+o(1)big)Delta$-edge-coloring algorithm for unknown $Delta=omega(log n)$. Key to our results, and of possible independent interest, is a novel fractional relaxation for edge coloring, for which we present optimal fractional online algorithms and a near-lossless online rounding scheme, yielding our optimal randomized algorithms.
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We prove a tight lower bound on the asymptotic performance ratio $rho$ of the bounded space online $d$-hypercube bin packing problem, solving an open question raised in 2005. In the classic $d$-hypercube bin packing problem, we are given a sequence of $d$-dimensional hypercubes and we have an unlimited number of bins, each of which is a $d$-dimensional unit hypercube. The goal is to pack (orthogonally) the given hypercubes into the minimum possible number of bins, in such a way that no two hypercubes in the same bin overlap. The bounded space online $d$-hypercube bin packing problem is a variant of the $d$-hypercube bin packing problem, in which the hypercubes arrive online and each one must be packed in an open bin without the knowledge of the next hypercubes. Moreover, at each moment, only a constant number of open bins are allowed (whenever a new bin is used, it is considered open, and it remains so until it is considered closed, in which case, it is not allowed to accept new hypercubes). Epstein and van Stee [SIAM J. Comput. 35 (2005), no. 2, 431-448] showed that $rho$ is $Omega(log d)$ and $O(d/log d)$, and conjectured that it is $Theta(log d)$. We show that $rho$ is in fact $Theta(d/log d)$. To obtain this result, we elaborate on some ideas presented by those authors, and go one step further showing how to obtain better (offline) packings of certain special instances for which one knows how many bins any bounded space algorithm has to use. Our main contribution establishes the existence of such packings, for large enough $d$, using probabilistic arguments. Such packings also lead to lower bounds for the prices of anarchy of the selfish $d$-hypercube bin packing game. We present a lower bound of $Omega(d/log d)$ for the pure price of anarchy of this game, and we also give a lower bound of $Omega(log d)$ for its strong price of anarchy.
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