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Register a new userPeriodic orbits for classical particles having complex energy
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This paper revisits earlier work on complex classical mechanics in which it was argued that when the energy of a classical particle in an analytic potential is real, the particle trajectories are closed and periodic, but that when the energy is complex, the classical trajectories are open. Here it is shown that there is a discrete set of eigencurves in the complex-energy plane for which the particle trajectories are closed and periodic.
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The concept of duality reflects a link between two seemingly different physical objects. An example in quantum mechanics is a situation where the spectra (or their parts) of two Hamiltonians go into each other under a certain transformation. We term this phenomenon as the energy-spectrum reflection symmetry. We develop an approach to this class of problems, based on the global properties of the Riemann surface of the quantum momentum function, a natural quantum-mechanical analogue to the classical momentum. In contrast to the algebraic method, which we also briefly review, our treatment provides an explanation to the long-noticed matching of the perturbative and WKB expansions of dual energy levels. Our technique also reveals the classical origins of duality.
We consider classical gauge theory on a principal bundle P->X in a case of spontaneous symmetry breaking characterized by the reduction of a structure group G of P->X to its closed subgroup H. This reduction is ensured by the existence of global sections of the quotient bundle P/H->X treated as classical Higgs fields. Matter fields with an exact symmetry group H in such gauge theory are considered in the pairs with Higgs fields, and they are represented by sections of a composite bundle Y->P/H->X, where Y->P/H is a fiber bundle associated to a principal bundle P->P/H with a structure group H. A key point is that a composite bundle Y->X is proved to be associated to a principal G-bundle P->X. Therefore, though matter fields possess an exact symmetry group H, their gauge G-invariant theory in the presence of Higgs fields can be developed. Its gauge invariant Lagrangian factorizes through the vertical covariant differential determined by a connection on a principal H-bundle P->P/H. In a case of the Cartan decomposition of a Lie algebra of G, this connection can be expressed in terms of a connection on a principal bundle P->X, i.e., gauge potentials for a group of broken symmetries G.
This paper examines the complex trajectories of a classical particle in the potential V(x)=-cos(x). Almost all the trajectories describe a particle that hops from one well to another in an erratic fashion. However, it is shown analytically that there are two special classes of trajectories x(t) determined only by the energy of the particle and not by the initial position of the particle. The first class consists of periodic trajectories; that is, trajectories that return to their initial position x(0) after some real time T. The second class consists of trajectories for which there exists a real time T such that $x(t+T)=x(t) pm2 pi$. These two classes of classical trajectories are analogous to valence and conduction bands in quantum mechanics, where the quantum particle either remains localized or else tunnels resonantly (conducts) through a crystal lattice. These two special types of trajectories are associated with sets of energies of measure 0. For other energies, it is shown that for long times the average velocity of the particle becomes a fractal-like function of energy.
We extend duality between the quantum integrable Gaudin models with boundary and the classical Calogero-Moser systems associated with root systems of classical Lie algebras $B_N$, $C_N$, $D_N$ to the case of supersymmetric ${rm gl}(m|n)$ Gaudin models with $m+n=2$. Namely, we show that the spectra of quantum Hamiltonians for all such magnets being identified with the classical particles velocities provide the zero level of the classical action variables.
We consider classical gauge theory with spontaneous symmetry breaking on a principal bundle $Pto X$ whose structure group $G$ is reducible to a closed subgroup $H$, and sections of the quotient bundle $P/Hto X$ are treated as classical Higgs fields. In this theory, matter fields with an exact symmetry group $H$ are described by sections of a composite bundle $Yto P/Hto X$. We show that their gauge $G$-invariant Lagrangian necessarily factorizes through a vertical covariant differential on $Y$ defined by a principal connection on an $H$-principal bundle $Pto P/H$.
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