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Register a new userSoft Physics from RHIC to LHC
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Peter Steinberg
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The RHIC program was intended to identify and study the quark-gluon plasma formed in the collision of heavy nuclei. The discovery of the perfect liquid is an essential step towards the understanding of the medium formed in these collisions. Much of data relevant to this was provided by the study of soft observables, which involve many particles of low momentum produced in nearly every event, rather than high momentum particles produced in rare events. The main results related to soft physics at RHIC are discussed, as well as their implications for the physics of the LHC heavy ion program.
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Recent soft physics results from collisions of ultra-relativistic nuclei at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) operating at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) are reviewed. Topics discussed cover the Beam Energy Scan program with some emphasis on anisotropic particle flow.
The first heavy-ion run at the LHC with Pb+Pb collisions at roots_NN = 2.76 TeV took place in the fall of 2010. In a short and relatively low luminosity run, the three detectors, ALICE, ATLAS and CMS showcased an impressive performance and produced a wealth of a high quality results. This article compares the new LHC results with those accumulated over the last decade at RHIC, focussing on the quantitative and qualitative differences between the different energy regimes of these two facilities.
STAR collected data in proton-proton collisions at sqrt(s)=200 GeV with transverse and longitudinal beam polarizations during the initial running periods in 2002--2004 at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Results on the single transverse spin asymmetries in the production of high energy forward neutral pions and of forward charged hadrons will be presented. Data have been obtained for double longitudinal asymmetries in inclusive jet production in 2003 and 2004. These data provide sensitivity to the polarization of gluons in the proton. In the future, we aim to determine the gluon polarization over a wide kinematic range using coincidences of direct photons and jets. Furthermore, we aim to determine the polarizations of the u, bar(u), d and bar(d) quarks in the proton by measuring single longitudinal spin asymmetries in the production of weak bosons at sqrt(s) = 500$ GeV.
The RHIC high energy collision of species ranging from p+p, p(d)+A to A+A provide access to the {small-x} component of the hadron wave function. The RHIC program has brought renewed interest in that subject with its ability to reach values of the parton momentum fraction smaller than 0.01 with studies of particle production at high rapidity. Furthermore, the use of heavy nuclei in the p(d)+A collisions facilitates the study of saturation effects in the gluonic component of the nuclei because the appropriate scale for that regime grows as A^1/3. We review the experimental results of the RHIC program that have relevance to {small-x} emphasizing the physics extracted from d+Au collisions and their comparison to p+p collisions at the same energy.
Within the first two years of the LHC operation ALICE addressed the major soft physics observables in Pb-Pb and pp collisions. In this contribution we present a selection of these results, with the emphasis on the bulk particle production and on particle correlations. The latter subject is discussed in detail in several dedicated ALICE talks in the same workshop; the reader is referred to the corresponding contributions.
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