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We summarize recent R&D progress for a silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter (ECal) with integrated electronics, designed to meet the ILC physics requirements.
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A dominant contribution to ECal resolution at high energy (eg. 100 GeV) comes from leakage beyond the containment of the calorimeter. We have studied the leakage energy for the SiD silicon-tungsten ECal and developed a neural network algorithm for estimating the leakage energy and correcting the energy measurement. The SiD TDR design calls for 20 thin 2.5 mm tungsten layers followed by 10 thick 5.0 mm tungsten layers. We have investigated the impact on the leakage energy of a reduced number of layers, and the ability of an optimized neutral network analysis to correct for the leakage with a reduced number of layers, and reduced material thickness. Reducing layer numbers is motivated by cost containment.
Studies of the response of the SiD silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter (ECal) are presented. Layers of highly granular (13 mm^2 pixels) silicon detectors embedded in thin gaps (~ 1 mm) between tungsten alloy plates give the SiD ECal the ability to separate electromagnetic showers in a crowded environment. A nine-layer prototype has been built and tested in a 12.1 GeV electron beam at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. This data was simulated with a Geant4 model. Particular attention was given to the separation of nearby incident electrons, which demonstrated a high (98.5%) separation efficiency for two electrons at least 1 cm from each other. The beam test study will be compared to a full SiD detector simulation with a realistic geometry, where the ECal calibration constants must first be established. This work is continuing, as the geometry requires that the calibration constants depend upon energy, angle, and absorber depth. The derivation of these constants is being developed from first principles.
The International Large Detector (ILD) is a proposed detector for the International Linear Collider (ILC). It has been designed to achieve an excellent jet energy resolution by using Particle Flow Algorithms (PFA), which rely on the ability to separate nearby particles within jets. PFA requires calorimeters with high granularity. The ILD Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECAL) is a sampling calorimeter with thirty tungsten absorber layers. The total thickness of this ECAL is about 24 X$_0$, and it has between 10 and 100 million channels to make high granularity. Silicon sensors are a candidate technology for the sensitive layers of this ECAL. Present prototypes of these sensors have 256 5.5$times$5.5 mm$^2$ pixels in an area of 9$times$9 cm$^2$.We have measured various properties of these prototype sensors: the leakage current, capacitance, and full depletion voltage. We have also examined the response to an infrared laser to understand the sensors response at its edge and between pixel readout pads, as well the effect of different guard ring designs. In this paper, we show results from these measurements and discuss future works.
We are developing position sensitive silicon detectors (PSD) which have an electrode at each of four corners so that the incident position of a charged particle can be obtained using signals from the electrodes. It is expected that the position resolution the electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) of the ILD detector will be improved by introducing PSD into the detection layers. In this study, we irradiated collimated laser beams to the surface of the PSD, varying the incident position. We found that the incident position can be well reconstructed from the signals if high resistance is implemented in the p+ layer. We also tried to observe the signal of particles by placing a radiative source on the PSD sensor.
A silicon-tungsten (Si-W) sampling calorimeter, consisting of 19 alternate layers of silicon pad detectors (individual pad area of 1~cm$^2$) and tungsten absorbers (each of one radiation length), has been constructed for measurement of electromagnetic showers over a large energy range. The signal from each of the silicon pads is readout using an ASIC with a dynamic range from $-300$~fC to $+500$~fC. Another ASIC with a larger dynamic range, $pm 600$~fC has been used as a test study. The calorimeter was exposed to pion and electron beams at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) to characterise the response to minimum ionising particles (MIP) and showers from electromagnetic (EM) interactions. Pion beams of 120 GeV provided baseline measurements towards the understanding of the MIP behaviour in the silicon pad layers, while electron beams of energy from 5 GeV to 60 GeV rendered detailed shower profiles within the calorimeter. The energy deposition in each layer, the longitudinal shower profile, and the total energy deposition have been measured for each incident electron energy. Linear behaviour of the total measured energy ($E$) with that of the incident particle energy ($E_{0}$) ensured satisfactory calorimetric performance. For a subset of the data sample, selected based on the cluster position of the electromagnetic shower of the incident electron, the dependence of the measured energy resolution on $E_{0}$ has been found to be $sigma/E = (15.36/sqrt{E_0(mathrm{GeV)}} oplus 2.0) %$.
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