No Arabic abstract
We study the relationship between the masses and the geometric properties of central configurations. We prove that in the planar four-body problem, a convex central configuration is symmetric with respect to one diagonal if and only if the masses of the two particles on the other diagonal are equal. If these two masses are unequal, then the less massive one is closer to the former diagonal. Finally, we extend these results to the case of non-planar central configurations of five particles.
We study the many body quantum evolution of bosonic systems in the mean field limit. The dynamics is known to be well approximated by the Hartree equation. So far, the available results have the form of a law of large numbers. In this paper we go one step further and we show that the fluctuations around the Hartree evolution satisfy a central limit theorem. Interestingly, the variance of the limiting Gaussian distribution is determined by a time-dependent Bogoliubov transformation describing the dynamics of initial coherent states in a Fock space representation of the system.
Zitterbewegung is the exotic phenomenon associated either with the relativistic electron-positron rapid oscillation or to the electron-hole transitions in the narrow gap semiconductors. In the present work, we enlarge concept of Zitterbewegung and show that the trembling motion may occur due to the dramatic changes in the symmetry of the system. In particular, we exploit a paradigmatic model of quantum chaos, quantum mathematical pendulum (universal Hamiltonian). The symmetry group of this system is the Kleins four-group that possess three invariant subgroups. The energy spectrum of the system parametrically depends on the height of the potential barrier, and contains degenerate and non-degenerate areas, corresponding to the different symmetry subgroups. Change in the height of the potential barrier switches the symmetry subgroup and leads to the trembling motion. We analyzed mean square fluctuations of the velocity operator and observed that trembling enhances for the highly excited states. We observed the link between the phenomena of trembling motion and uncertainty relations of noncommutative operators of the system.
Families of three-body Hamiltonian systems in one dimension have been recently proved to be maximally superintegrable by interpreting them as one-body systems in the three-dimensional Euclidean space, examples are the Calogero, Wolfes and Tramblay Turbiner Winternitz systems. For some of these systems, we show in a new way how the superintegrability is associated with their dihedral symmetry in the three-dimensional space, the order of the dihedral symmetries being associated with the degree of the polynomial in the momenta first integrals. As a generalization, we introduce the analysis of integrability and superintegrability of four-body systems in one dimension by interpreting them as one-body systems with the symmetries of the Platonic polyhedra in the four-dimensional Euclidean space. The paper is intended as a short review of recent results in the sector, emphasizing the relevance of discrete symmetries for the superintegrability of the systems considered.
Due to its great importance for applications, we generalize and extend the approach of our previous papers to study aspects of the quantum and classical dynamics of a $4$-body system with equal masses in {it $d$}-dimensional space with interaction depending only on mutual (relative) distances. The study is restricted to solutions in the space of relative motion which are functions of mutual (relative) distances only. The ground state (and some other states) in the quantum case and some trajectories in the classical case are of this type. We construct the quantum Hamiltonian for which these states are eigenstates. For $d geq 3$, this describes a six-dimensional quantum particle moving in a curved space with special $d$-independent metric in a certain $d$-dependent singular potential, while for $d=1$ it corresponds to a three-dimensional particle and coincides with the $A_3$ (4-body) rational Calogero model; the case $d=2$ is exceptional and is discussed separately. The kinetic energy of the system has a hidden $sl(7,{bf R})$ Lie (Poisson) algebra structure, but for the special case $d=1$ it becomes degenerate with hidden algebra $sl(4,R)$. We find an exactly-solvable four-body $S_4$-permutationally invariant, generalized harmonic oscillator-type potential as well as a quasi-exactly-solvable four-body sextic polynomial type potential with singular terms. Naturally, the tetrahedron whose vertices correspond to the positions of the particles provides pure geometrical variables, volume variables, that lead to exactly solvable models. Their generalization to the $n$-body system as well as the case of non-equal masses is briefly discussed.
As a generalization and extension of our previous paper {it J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 53 055302} cite{AME2020}, in this work we study a quantum 4-body system in $mathbb{R}^d$ ($dgeq 3$) with quadratic and sextic pairwise potentials in the {it relative distances}, $r_{ij} equiv {|{bf r}_i - {bf r}_j |}$, between particles. Our study is restricted to solutions in the space of relative motion with zero total angular momentum ($S$-states). In variables $rho_{ij} equiv r_{ij}^2$, the corresponding reduced Hamiltonian of the system possesses a hidden $sl(7;{bf R})$ Lie algebra structure. In the $rho$-representation it is shown that the 4-body harmonic oscillator with arbitrary masses and unequal spring constants is exactly-solvable (ES). We pay special attention to the case of four equal masses and to atomic-like (where one mass is infinite, three others are equal), molecular two-center (two masses are infinite, two others are equal) and molecular three-center (three infinite masses) cases. In particular, exact results in the molecular case are compared with those obtained within the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. The first and second order symmetries of non-interacting system are searched. Also, the reduction to the lower dimensional cases $d=1,2$ is discussed. It is shown that for four body harmonic oscillator case there exists an infinite family of eigenfunctions which depend on the single variable which is the moment-of-inertia of the system.