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Register a new userDevelopment of a multi-pixel photon sensor with single-photon sensitivity
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A multi-pixel photon sensor with single-photon sensitivity has been developed, based on a technology of a hybrid photo-detector (HPD) consisting of a photocathode and a multi-pixel avalanche diode (MP-AD). The developed HPD has a proximity focused structure, where a photocathode and an MP-AD are facing each other with a small gap of 2.5 mm. The MP-AD, which has an effective area of 16x16 mm2 composed of 8x8 pixels, has been specially designed for the HPD. The gain of the HPD reaches 5x10^4, sufficiently high to detect single photons with a timing resolution better than 100 ps. Number of photoelectrons up to four can be clearly identified in a pulse-height spectrum as distinct peaks, thanks to the low noise characteristics of the HPD. It is also demonstrated that the HPD can be operated with good performance in a magnetic field as high as 1.5 T
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The multi-pixel photon counter (MPPC) is a newly developed photodetector with an excellent photon counting capability. It also has many attractive features such as small size, high gain, low operation voltage and power consumption, and capability of operating in magnetic fields and in room temperature. The basic performance of samples has been measured. A gain of ~10^6 is achieved with a noise rate less than 1 MHz with 1 p.e. threshold, and cross-talk probability of less than 30% at room temperature. The photon detection efficiency for green light is twice or more that of the photomultiplier tubes. It is found that the basic performance of the MPPC is satisfactory for use in real experiments.
We have developed a non-destructive readout system that uses a floating-gate amplifier on a thick, fully depleted charge coupled device (CCD) to achieve ultra-low readout noise of 0.068 e- rms/pix. This is the first time that discrete sub-electron readout noise has been achieved reproducibly over millions of pixels on a stable, large-area detector. This allows the precise counting of the number of electrons in each pixel, ranging from pixels with 0 electrons to more than 1500 electrons. The resulting CCD detector is thus an ultra-sensitive calorimeter. It is also capable of counting single photons in the optical and near-infrared regime. Implementing this innovative non-destructive readout system has a negligible impact on CCD design and fabrication, and there are nearly immediate scientific applications. As a particle detector, this CCD will have unprecedented sensitivity to low-mass dark matter particles and coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering, while astronomical applications include future direct imaging and spectroscopy of exoplanets.
The concept of the radio-frequency superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (RF-SNSPD) allows frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) of the bias and readout lines of several SNSPDs. Using this method, a multi-pixel array can be operated by only one feed line. Consequently, the system complexity as well as the heat load is significantly reduced. To allocate many pixels into a small bandwidth the quality factor of each device is crucial. In this paper, we present an improved RF-SNSPD design. This new design enables a simple tuning of the quality factor as well as the resonant frequency. With a two-pixel device we have demonstrated the operation without crosstalk between the detectors and showed the time, spatial and photon number resolution. Thereby a single pixel requires only a bandwidth of 14 MHz.
Results of radiation tests of Hamamatsu 2.0 x 2.0~mm2 through-silicon-via (S13360-2050VE) multi-pixel photon counters, or MPPCs [1], are presented. Distinct sets of eight MPPCs were exposed to four different 1~MeV neutron equivalent doses of 200 MeV protons. Measurements of the breakdown voltage, gain and noise rates at different bias overvoltages, photoelectron thresholds, and LED illumination levels were taken before and after irradiation. No significant deterioration in performance was observed for breakdown voltage, gain, and response. Noise rates increased significantly with irradiation. These studies were undertaken in the context of MPPC requirements for the Cosmic Ray Veto detector of the Mu2e experiment at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory.
We demonstrate a 64-pixel free-space-coupled array of superconducting nanowire single photon detectors optimized for high detection efficiency in the near-infrared range. An integrated, readily scalable, multiplexed readout scheme is employed to reduce the number of readout lines to 16. The cryogenic, optical, and electronic packaging to read out the array, as well as characterization measurements are discussed.
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