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Energy levels of the four lowest bands in 160,162,164Dy and 168Er, B(E2) transition strengths between the levels, and the B(M1) strength distribution of the ground state, all calculated within the framework of pseudo-SU(3) model, are presented. Realistic single-particle energies and quadrupole-quadrupole and pairing interaction strengths fixed from systematics were used in the calculations. The strengths of four rotor-like terms, all small relative to the other terms in the interaction, were adjusted to give an overall best fit to the energy spectra. The procedure yielded consistent parameter sets for the four nuclei.
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The rapid increase of computational power over the last several years has allowed detailed microscopic investigations of the structure of many nuclei in terms of Relativistic Mean Field theories as well as in the framework of the no-core Shell Model. In heavy deformed nuclei, in which microscopic calculations remain a challenge, algebraic models based on the SU(3) symmetry offer specific predictions, parameter-independent in several cases, directly comparable to experimental data. Two different approximate models for heavy deformed nuclei based on the SU(3) symmetry, the pseudo-SU(3) and the proxy-SU(3) schemes will be discussed and the compatibility between their predictions for the nuclear deformation parameters will be shown. In particular, the dominance of prolate over oblate shapes in the ground states of even-even nuclei and the prolate to oblate shape phase transition occurring in heavy rare earths will be considered.
Symmetries are manifested in nature through degeneracies in the spectra of physical systems. In the case of heavy deformed nuclei, when described in the framework of the Interacting Boson Model, within which correlated proton (neutron) pairs are approximated as bosons, the ground state band has no symmetry partner, while the degeneracy between the first excited beta and gamma bands is broken through the use of three-body and/or four-body terms. In the framework of the proxy-SU(3) model, in which an approximate SU(3) symmetry of fermions is present, the same three-body and/or four-body operators are used for breaking the degeneracy between the ground state band and the first excited gamma band. Experimentally accessible quantities being independent of any free parameters are pointed out in the latter case.
The systematics of experimental energy differences between the levels of the ground state band and the gamma-1 band in even-even nuclei are studied as a function of the angular momentum L, demonstrating a decrease of the energy differences with increasing L, in contrast to what is seen in vibrational, gamma-unstable, and triaxial nuclei. After a short review of the relevant predictions of several simple collective models, it is shown that this decrease is caused in the framework of the proxy-SU(3) scheme by the same three-body and/or four body operators which break the degeneracy between the ground state band and the gamma-1 band, predicting in parallel the correct form of odd-even staggering within the gamma-1 bands.
Gamow-Teller (GT) strength distributions of Mg isotopes are investigated within a framework of the deformed quasi-particle random phase approximation(DQRPA). We found that the N=20 shell closure in $^{28 sim 34}$Mg was broken by the prolate shape deformation originating from the {it fp}-intruder states. The shell closure breaking gives rise to a shift of low-lying GT excited states into high-lying states. Discussions regarding the shell evolution trend of single particle states around N=20 nuclei are also presented with the comparison to other approaches.
We present a model-independent approach to electric quadrupole transitions of deformed nuclei. Based on an effective theory for axially symmetric systems, the leading interactions with electromagnetic fields enter as minimal couplings to gauge potentials, while subleading corrections employ gauge-invariant non-minimal couplings. This approach yields transition operators that are consistent with the Hamiltonian, and the power counting of the effective theory provides us with theoretical uncertainty estimates. We successfully test the effective theory in homonuclear molecules that exhibit a large separation of scales. For ground-state band transitions of rotational nuclei, the effective theory describes data well within theoretical uncertainties at leading order. In order to probe the theory at subleading order, data with higher precision would be valuable. For transitional nuclei, next-to-leading order calculations and the high-precision data are consistent within the theoretical uncertainty estimates. We also study the faint inter-band transitions within the effective theory and focus on the $E2$ transitions from the $0^+_2$ band (the $beta$ band) to the ground-state band. Here, the predictions from the effective theory are consistent with data for several nuclei, thereby proposing a solution to a long-standing challenge.
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