No Arabic abstract
We investigate the asymptotic behavior, as $N$ grows, of the largest minimal pairwise distance of $N$ points restricted to an arbitrary compact rectifiable set embedded in Euclidean space, and we find the limit distribution of such optimal configurations. For this purpose, we compare best-packing configurations with minimal Riesz $s$-energy configurations and determine the $s$-th root asymptotic behavior (as $sto infty)$ of the minimal energy constants. We show that the upper and the lower dimension of a set defined through the Riesz energy or best-packing coincides with the upper and lower Minkowski dimension, respectively. For certain sets in ${rm {bf R}}^d$ of integer Hausdorff dimension, we show that the limiting behavior of the best-packing distance as well as the minimal $s$-energy for large $s$ is different for different subsequences of the cardinalities of the configurations.
For $N$-point best-packing configurations $omega_N$ on a compact metric space $(A,rho)$, we obtain estimates for the mesh-separation ratio $gamma(omega_N,A)$, which is the quotient of the covering radius of $omega_N$ relative to $A$ and the minimum pairwise distance between points in $omega_N$. For best-packing configurations $omega_N$ that arise as limits of minimal Riesz $s$-energy configurations as $sto infty$, we prove that $gamma(omega_N,A)le 1$ and this bound can be attained even for the sphere. In the particular case when N=5 on $S^2$ with $rho$ the Euclidean metric, we prove our main result that among the infinitely many 5-point best-packing configurations there is a unique configuration, namely a square-base pyramid $omega_5^*$, that is the limit (as $sto infty$) of 5-point $s$-energy minimizing configurations. Moreover, $gamma(omega_5^*,S^2)=1$.
In terms of the minimal $N$-point diameter $D_d(N)$ for $R^d,$ we determine, for a class of continuous real-valued functions $f$ on $[0,+infty],$ the $N$-point $f$-best-packing constant $min{f(|x-y|), :, x,yin R^d}$, where the minimum is taken over point sets of cardinality $N.$ We also show that $$ N^{1/d}Delta_d^{-1/d}-2le D_d(N)le N^{1/d}Delta_d^{-1/d}, quad Nge 2,$$ where $Delta_d$ is the maximal sphere packing density in $R^d$. Further, we provide asymptotic estimates for the $f$-best-packing constants as $Ntoinfty$.
We derive the complete asymptotic expansion in terms of powers of $N$ for the geodesic $f$-energy of $N$ equally spaced points on a rectifiable simple closed curve $Gamma$ in ${mathbb R}^p$, $pgeq2$, as $N to infty$. For $f$ decreasing and convex, such a point configuration minimizes the $f$-energy $sum_{j eq k}f(d(mathbf{x}_j, mathbf{x}_k))$, where $d$ is the geodesic distance (with respect to $Gamma$) between points on $Gamma$. Completely monotonic functions, analytic kernel functions, Laurent series, and weighted kernel functions $f$ are studied. % Of particular interest are the geodesic Riesz potential $1/d^s$ ($s eq 0$) and the geodesic logarithmic potential $log(1/d)$. By analytic continuation we deduce the expansion for all complex values of $s$.
We consider semigroups ${alpha_t: ; tgeq 0}$ of normal, unital, completely positive maps $alpha_t$ on a von Neumann algebra ${mathcal M}$. The (predual) semigroup $ u_t (rho):= rho circ alpha_t$ on normal states $rho$ of $mathcal M$ leaves invariant the face ${mathcal F}_p:= {rho : ; rho (p)=1}$ supported by the projection $pin {mathcal M}$, if and only if $alpha_t(p)geq p$ (i.e., $p$ is sub-harmonic). We complete the arguments showing that the sub-harmonic projections form a complete lattice. We then consider $r_o$, the smallest projection which is larger than each support of a minimal invariant face; then $r_o$ is subharmonic. In finite dimensional cases $sup alpha_t(r_o)={bf 1}$ and $r_o$ is also the smallest projection $p$ for which $alpha_t(p)to {bf 1}$. If ${ u_t: ; tgeq 0}$ admits a faithful family of normal stationary states then $r_o={bf 1}$ is useless; if not, it helps to reduce the problem of the asymptotic behaviour of the semigroup for large times.
Let $Lambda$ be a lattice in ${bf R}^d$ with positive co-volume. Among $Lambda$-periodic $N$-point configurations, we consider the minimal renormalized Riesz $s$-energy $mathcal{E}_{s,Lambda}(N)$. While the dominant term in the asymptotic expansion of $mathcal{E}_{s,Lambda}(N)$ as $N$ goes to infinity in the long range case that $0<s<d$ (or $s=log$) can be obtained from classical potential theory, the next order term(s) require a different approach. Here we derive the form of the next order term or terms, namely for $s>0$ they are of the form $C_{s,d}|Lambda|^{-s/d}N^{1+s/d}$ and $-frac{2}{d}Nlog N+left(C_{log,d}-2zeta_{Lambda}(0)right)N$ where we show that the constant $C_{s,d}$ is independent of the lattice $Lambda$.