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Register a new userOverview of Relativistic Heavy-Ion Physics
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Itzhak Tserruya
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Selected topics in the field of relativistic heavy-ion collisions are reviewed f rom the 15 year research programme at the SPS at CERN and the AGS at BNL, and from the first run of the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider at BNL.
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The field of relativistic heavy-ion physics is reviewed with emphasis on new results and highlights from the first run of the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider at BNL and the 15 year research programme at the SPS at CERN and the AGS at BNL.
The study of relativistic heavy-ion collisions is an important part of the LHC research programme at CERN. This emerging field of research focuses on the study of matter under extreme conditions of temperature, density, and pressure. Here we present an introduction to the general aspects of relativistic heavy-ion physics. Afterwards we give an overview of the accelerator facility at CERN and then a quick look at the ALICE project as a dedicated experiment for heavy-ion collisions.
Due to the coherence of all the protons in a nucleus, there are very strong electromagnetic fields of short duration in relativistic heavy ion collisions. They give rise to quasireal photon-photon and photon-nucleus collisions with a large flux. RHIC will begin its experimental program this year and such types of collisions will be studied experimentally at the STAR detector. RHIC will have the highest flux of (quasireal) photons up to now in the GeV region. At the LHC the invariant mass range available in gamma-gamma-interactions will be of the order of 100 GeV, i.e., in the range currently available at LEP2, but with a higher gamma-gamma-luminosity. Therefore one has there also the potential to study new physics. (Quasireal) photon-hadron (i.e., photon-nucleus) interactions can be studied as well, similar to HERA, at higher invariant masses. Vector mesons can be produced coherently through photon-Pomeron and photon-meson interactions in exclusive reactions such as A+A -> A+A+V, where A is the heavy ion and V=rho,omega,phi or J/Psi.
Collisions of heavy ions (nuclei) at ultra-relativistic energies (sqrt(s_NN) >> 10 GeV per nucleon-nucleon collision in the centre of mass system) are regarded as a unique tool to produce in the laboratory a high energy density and high temperature state of strongly-interacting matter. In this short review, we will discuss the expected features of this hot and dense state, describe indications on its properties emerged from the experimental programs at the CERN-SPS and BNL-RHIC accelerators, and finally outlook the perspectives for the forthcoming heavy-ion runs at the CERN-LHC.
We outline the opportunities for ultra-relativistic heavy-ion physics which are offered by a next generation and multi-purpose fixed-target experiment exploiting the proton and ion LHC beams extracted by a bent crystal.
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