Jet and charm quark production in diffractive interactions is sensitive to the partonic structure of the diffractive exchange. This article reviews recent cross section measurements of such processes in both deep-inelastic scattering (DIS) regime and photoproduction (PHP) from the HERA ep collider experiments. The cross sections are compared to next-to-leading order QCD calculations based on factorisation theorem.
Selected new results from the H1 and ZEUS collaborations on $ep$ interactions at 300 - 318 GeV centre-of-mass energy are presented. The full pre-upgrade integrated luminosity of HERA of 110 pb$^{-1}$ is used. Charm cross sections are measured up to high values of $x_B$ and $Q^2$ and are found to be well described by NLO QCD in the 3 flavour scheme. Orbitally excited $D$ mesons are observed; radial excitations are searched for, but are not seen. The first $b$ cross section measurement is confirmed with a lifetime based method, establishing the excess over NLO QCD.
A recent H1 measurement of triple differential dijet cross sections in electron-proton interactions in the region of photon virtualities 2<Q2<80 GeV is presented and compared to LO and NLO QCD predictions. Effects that go beyond the fixed-order NLO QCD calculations are identified.
Charm production in charged current deep inelastic scattering has been measured for the first time in $e^{pm}p$ collisions, using data collected with the ZEUS detector at HERA, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of $358 pb^{-1}$. Results are presented separately for $e^{+}p$ and $e^{-}p$ scattering at a centre-of-mass energy of $sqrt{s} = 318 GeV$ within a kinematic phase-space region of $200 GeV^{2}<Q^{2}<60000 GeV^{2}$ and $y<0.9$, where $Q^{2}$ is the squared four-momentum transfer and $y$ is the inelasticity. The measured cross sections of electroweak charm production are consistent with expectations from the Standard Model within the large statistical uncertainties.
Results on open charm and beauty production and on the search for top production in high-energy electron-proton collisions at HERA are reviewed. This includes a discussion of relevant theoretical aspects, a summary of the available measurements and measurement techniques, and their impact on improved understanding of QCD and its parameters, such as parton density functions and charm- and beauty-quark masses. The impact of these results on measurements at the LHC and elsewhere is also addressed.
Production of exclusive dijets in diffractive deep inelastic $e^pm p$ scattering has been measured with the ZEUS detector at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 372 pb$^{-1}$. The measurement was performed for $gamma^*-p$ centre-of-mass energies in the range $90 < W < 250$ GeV and for photon virtualities $Q^2 > 25$ GeV$^2$. Energy and transverse-energy flows around the jet axis are presented. The cross section is presented as a function of $beta$ and $phi$, where $beta=x/x_{rm I!P}$, $x$ is the Bjorken variable and $x_{rm I!P}$ is the proton fractional longitudinal momentum loss. The angle $phi$ is defined by the $gamma^*-$dijet plane and the $gamma^*-e^pm$ plane in the rest frame of the diffractive final state. The $phi$ cross section is measured in bins of $beta$. The results are compared to predictions from models based on different assumptions about the nature of the diffractive exchange.