No Arabic abstract
Using a recently completed survey of faint (sub-mJy) radio sources, selected at 1.4 GHz, a dust-free estimate of the local star formation rate (SFR) is carried out. The sample is 50% complete to 0.2 mJy, with over 50% of the radio sources having optical counterparts brighter than R = 21.5. Spectroscopic observations of 249 optically identified radio sources have been made, using the 2-degree Field (2dF) facility at the Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT). Redshifts and equivalent widths of several spectral features (e.g., Halpha and [OII]3727) sensitive to star formation have been measured and used to identify the star-forming and absorption-line systems. The spectroscopic sample is corrected for incompleteness and used to estimate the 1.4 GHz and Halpha luminosity functions (LFs) and luminosity density distributions. The 1.4 GHz LF of the star-forming population has a much steeper faint-end slope (1.85) than that for the ellipticals (1.35). This implies an increasing preponderance of star-forming galaxies among the optically identified (i.e., z < 1) radio sources at fainter flux densities. The Halpha LF of the faint radio population agrees with published Halpha LFs derived from local samples selected by Halpha emission. This suggests that the star-forming faint radio population is coincident with the Halpha selected galaxies. The 1.4 GHz and Halpha luminosity densities have been used to estimate the SFRs. The two estimates agree, both giving a SFR density of $0.032 M_odot yr^{-1} Mpc^{-3}$ in the range z < 1.
We have cross-matched the 1.4 GHz NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) with the first 210 fields observed in the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS), covering an effective area of 325 square degrees (about 20% of the final 2dFGRS area). This yields a set of optical spectra of 912 candidate NVSS counterparts, of which we identify 757 as genuine radio IDs - the largest and most homogeneous set of radio-source spectra ever obtained. The 2dFGRS radio sources span the redshift range z=0.005 to 0.438, and are a mixture of active galaxies (60%) and star-forming galaxies (40%). About 25% of the 2dFGRS radio sources are spatially resolved by NVSS, and the sample includes three giant radio galaxies with projected linear size greater than 1 Mpc. The high quality of the 2dF spectra means we can usually distinguish unambiguously between AGN and star-forming galaxies. We have made a new determination of the local radio luminosity function at 1.4 GHz for both active and star-forming galaxies, and derive a local star-formation density of 0.022+/-0.004 solar masses per year per cubic Mpc. (Ho=50 km/s/Mpc).
We use a novel method to predict the contribution of normal star-forming galaxies, merger-induced bursts, and obscured AGN, to IR luminosity functions (LFs) and global SFR densities. We use empirical halo occupation constraints to populate halos with galaxies and determine the distribution of normal and merging galaxies. Each system can then be associated with high-resolution hydrodynamic simulations. We predict the distribution of observed luminosities and SFRs, from different galaxy classes, as a function of redshift from z=0-6. We provide fitting functions for the predicted LFs, quantify the uncertainties, and compare with observations. At all redshifts, normal galaxies dominate the LF at moderate luminosities ~L* (the knee). Merger-induced bursts increasingly dominate at L>>L*; at the most extreme luminosities, AGN are important. However, all populations increase in luminosity at higher redshifts, owing to increasing gas fractions. Thus the transition between normal and merger-dominated sources increases from the LIRG-ULIRG threshold at z~0 to bright Hyper-LIRG thresholds at z~2. The transition to dominance by obscured AGN evolves similarly, at factor of several higher L_IR. At all redshifts, non-merging systems dominate the total luminosity/SFR density, with merger-induced bursts constituting ~5-10% and AGN ~1-5%. Bursts contribute little to scatter in the SFR-stellar mass relation. In fact, many systems identified as ongoing mergers will be forming stars in their normal (non-burst) mode. Counting this as merger-induced star formation leads to a stronger apparent redshift evolution in the contribution of mergers to the SFR density.
The massive star formation properties of 55 Virgo Cluster and 29 isolated S0-Scd bright (M(B) < -18) spiral galaxies are compared via analyses of R and Halpha surface photometry and integrated fluxes as functions of Hubble type and central R light concentration (bulge-to-disk ratio). In the median, the total normalized massive star formation rates (NMSFRs) in Virgo Cluster spirals are reduced by factors up to 2.5 compared to isolated spiral galaxies of the same type or concentration, with a range from enhanced (up to 2.5 times) to strongly reduced (up to 10 times). Within the inner 30% of the optical disk, Virgo Cluster and isolated spirals have similar ranges in NMSFRs, with similar to enhanced median NMSFRs for Virgo galaxies. NMSFRs in the outer 70% of the optical disk are reduced in the median by factors up to 9 for Virgo Cluster spirals, with more severely reduced star formation at progressively larger disk radii. Thus the reduction in total star formation of Virgo Cluster spirals is caused primarily by spatial truncation of the star-forming disks. The correlation between HI deficiency and R light central concentration is much weaker than the correlation between HI deficiency and Hubble type. ICM-ISM stripping of the gas from spiral galaxies is likely responsible for the truncated star-forming disks of Virgo Cluster spirals. This effect may be responsible for a significant part of the morphology-density relationship.
By cross-correlating large samples of galaxy clusters with publicly available radio source catalogs, we construct the volume-averaged radio luminosity function (RLF) in clusters of galaxies, and investigate its dependence on cluster redshift and mass. In addition, we determine the correlation between the cluster mass and the radio luminosity of the brightest source within 50 kpc from the cluster center. We use two cluster samples: the optically selected maxBCG cluster catalog and a composite sample of X-ray selected clusters. The radio data come from the VLA NVSS and FIRST surveys. We use scaling relations to estimate cluster masses and radii to get robust estimates of cluster volumes. We determine the projected radial distribution of sources, for which we find no dependence on luminosity or cluster mass. Background and foreground sources are statistically accounted for, and we account for confusion of radio sources by adaptively degrading the resolution of the radio source surveys. We determine the redshift evolution of the RLF under the assumption that its overall shape does not change with redshift. Our results are consistent with a pure luminosity evolution of the RLF in the range 0.1 < z < 0.3 from the optical cluster sample. The X-ray sample extends to higher redshift and yields results also consistent with a pure luminosity evolution. We find no direct evidence of a dependence of the RLF on cluster mass from the present data, although the data are consistent with the most luminous sources only being found in high-mass systems.
We matched the 1.4 GHz local luminosity functions of star-forming galaxies (SFGs) and active galactic nuclei to the 1.4 GHz differential source counts from $0.25 mumathrm{Jy}$ to 25 Jy using combinations of luminosity and density evolution. We present the most robust and complete local far-infrared (FIR)/radio luminosity correlation to date in a volume-limited sample of $approx 4.3 times 10^3$ nearby SFGs, finding that it is very tight but distinctly sub-linear: $L_mathrm{FIR} propto L_mathrm{1.4,GHz}^{0.85}$. If the local FIR/radio correlation does not evolve, the evolving 1.4 GHz luminosity function of SFGs yields the evolving star-formation rate density (SFRD) $psi (M_odot mathrm{year}^{-1} mathrm{Mpc}^{-3}$) as a function of time since the big bang. The SFRD measured at 1.4 GHz grows rapidly at early times, peaks at cosmic noon when $t approx 3 mathrm{Gyr}$ and $z approx 2$, and subsequently decays with an $e$-folding time scale $tau = 3.2 mathrm{Gyr}$. This evolution is similar to, but somewhat stronger than, SFRD evolution estimated from UV and FIR data.