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Register a new userCoaxial Jets and Sheaths in Wide-Angle-Tail Radio Galaxies
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We add 20, 6 and 3.6 cm wavelength VLA observations of two WATs, 1231+674 and 1433+553, to existing VLA data at 6 and 20 cm, in order to study the variations of spectral index as a function of position. We apply the spectral tomography process that we introduced in our analysis of 3C67, 3C190 and 3C449. Both spectral tomography and polarization maps indicate that there are two distinct extended components in each source. As in the case of 3C449, we find that each source has a flat spectrum jet surrounded by a steeper spectrum sheath. The steep components tend to be more highly polarized than the flat components. We discuss a number of possibilities for the dynamics of the jet/sheath systems, and the evolution of their relativistic electron populations. While the exact nature of these two coaxial components is still uncertain, their existence requires new models of jets in FR I sources and may also have implications for the dichotomy between FR Is and FR IIs.
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In order to study the ram-pressure interaction between radio galaxies and the intracluster medium, we analyse a sample of 208 highly-bent narrow-angle tail radio sources (NATs) in clusters, detected by the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey. For NATs within $7,R_{500}$ of the cluster centre, we find that their tails are distributed anisotropically with a strong tendency to be bent radially away from the cluster, which suggests that they are predominantly on radially inbound orbits. Within $0.5,R_{500}$, we also observe an excess of NATs with their jets bent towards the cluster core, indicating that these outbound sources fade away soon after passing pericentre. For the subset of NATs with spectroscopic redshifts, we find the radial bias in the jet angles exists even out to $10,R_{500}$, far beyond the virial radius. The presence of NATs at such large radii implies that significant deceleration of the accompanying inflowing intergalactic medium must be occurring there to create the ram pressure that bends the jets, and potentially even triggers the radio source.
We have discovered a previously unreported poor cluster of galaxies (RGZ-CL J0823.2+0333) through an unusual giant wide-angle tail radio galaxy found in the Radio Galaxy Zoo project. We obtained a spectroscopic redshift of $z=0.0897$ for the E0-type host galaxy, 2MASX J08231289+0333016, leading to M$_r = -22.6$ and a $1.4,$GHz radio luminosity density of $L_{rm 1.4} = 5.5times10^{24}$ W Hz$^{-1}$. These radio and optical luminosities are typical for wide-angle tailed radio galaxies near the borderline between Fanaroff-Riley (FR) classes I and II. The projected largest angular size of $approx8,$arcmin corresponds to $800,$kpc and the full length of the source along the curved jets/trails is $1.1,$Mpc in projection. X-ray data from the XMM-Newton archive yield an upper limit on the X-ray luminosity of the thermal emission surrounding RGZ J082312.9+033301,at $1.2-2.6times10^{43}$ erg s$^{-1}$ for assumed intra-cluster medium temperatures of $1.0-5.0,$keV. Our analysis of the environment surrounding RGZ J082312.9+033301 indicates that RGZ J082312.9+033301 lies within a poor cluster. The observed radio morphology suggests that (a) the host galaxy is moving at a significant velocity with respect to an ambient medium like that of at least a poor cluster, and that (b) the source may have had two ignition events of the active galactic nucleus with $10^7,$yrs in between. This reinforces the idea that an association between RGZ J082312.9+033301, and the newly discovered poor cluster exists.
We present a catalog of 47 wide-angle tailed radio galaxies (WATs), the WATCAT; these galaxies were selected by combining observations from the National Radio Astronomy Observatory/Very Large Array Sky Survey (NVSS), the Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty-Centimeters (FIRST), and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), and mainly built including a radio morphological classification. We included in the catalog only radio sources showing two-sided jets with two clear warmspots (i.e., jet knots as bright as 20% of the nucleus) lying on the opposite side of the radio core, and having classical extended emission resembling a plume beyond them. The catalog is limited to redshifts z $leq$ 0.15, and lists only sources with radio emission extended beyond 30 kpc from the host galaxy. We found that host galaxies of WATCAT sources are all luminous (-20.5 $gtrsim$ Mr $gtrsim$ -23.7), red early-type galaxies with black hole masses in the range $10^8lesssim $ M$_{rm BH} lesssim 10^9$ M$_odot$. The spectroscopic classification indicates that they are all low-excitation galaxies (LEGs). Comparing WAT multifrequency properties with those of FRI and FRII radio galaxies at the same redshifts, we conclude that WATs show multifrequency properties remarkably similar to FRI radio galaxies, having radio power of typical FRIIs.
In some protostellar objects both wide angle outflows and collimated jets are seen, while in others only one is observed. Spitzer provides unprecedented sensitivity in the infrared to study both the jet and outflow features. Here, we use HiRes deconvolution to improve the visualization of spatial morphology by enhancing resolution (to sub-arcsecond levels in the IRAC bands) and removing the contaminating sidelobes from bright sources. We apply this approach to study the jet and outflow features in Cep E a young, energetic Class 0 protostar. In the reprocessed images we detect: (i) wide angle outflow seen in scattered light; (ii) morphological details on at least 29 jet driven bow shocks and jet heads or knots; (iii) three compact features in 24 micron continuum image as atomic/ionic line emission coincident with the jet heads; and, (iv) a flattened 35 arcsec size protostellar envelope seen against the interstellar background PAH emission as an absorption band across the protostar at 8 micron. By separating the protostellar photospheric scattered emission in the wide angle cavity from the jet emission we show that we can study directly the scattered light spectrum. We present the H2 emission line spectra, as observed in all IRAC bands, for 29 knots in the jets and bowshocks and use them in the IRAC color -- color space as a diagnostic of the thermal gas in the shocks driven by the jets. The data presented here will enable detailed modeling of the individual shocks retracing the history of the episodic jet activity and the associated accretion on to the protostar. The Spitzer data analysis presented here shows the richness of its archive as a resource to study the jet/outflow features in H2 and scattered light in a large homogeneous sample.
Blazars exhibit flares across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. Many $gamma$-ray flares are highly correlated with flares detected at longer wavelengths; however, a small subset appears to occur in isolation, with little or no correlated variability at longer wavelengths. These orphan $gamma$-ray flares challenge current models of blazar variability, most of which are unable to reproduce this type of behavior. Macdonald et al. have developed the Ring of Fire model to explain the origin of orphan $gamma$-ray flares from within blazar jets. In this model, electrons contained within a blob of plasma moving relativistically along the spine of the jet inverse-Compton scatter synchrotron photons emanating off of a ring of shocked sheath plasma that enshrouds the jet spine. As the blob propagates through the ring, the scattering of the ring photons by the blob electrons creates an orphan $gamma$-ray flare. This model was successfully applied to modeling a prominent orphan $gamma$-ray flare observed in the blazar PKS 1510$-$089. To further support the plausibility of this model, Macdonald et al. presented a stacked radio map of PKS 1510$-$089 containing the polarimetric signature of a sheath of plasma surrounding the spine of the jet. In this paper, we extend our modeling and stacking techniques to a larger sample of blazars: 3C 273, 4C 71$.$01, 3C 279, 1055$+$018, CTA 102, and 3C 345, the majority of which have exhibited orphan $gamma$-ray flares. We find that the model can successfully reproduce these flares, while our stacked maps reveal the existence of jet sheaths within these blazars.
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