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Register a new userAn Investigation of Neutrino-Driven Convection and the Core Collapse Supernova Mechanism Using Multigroup Neutrino Transport
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We investigate neutrino-driven convection in core collapse supernovae and its ramifications for the explosion mechanism. We begin with an ``optimistic 15 solar mass precollapse model, which is representative of the class of stars with compact iron cores. This model is evolved through core collapse and bounce in one dimension using multigroup (neutrino-energy--dependent) flux-limited diffusion (MGFLD) neutrino transport and Lagrangian hydrodynamics, providing realistic initial conditions for the postbounce convection and evolution. Our two-dimensional simulation begins at 106 ms after bounce at a time when there is a well-developed gain region, and proceeds for 400 ms. We couple two-dimensional (PPM) hydrodynamics to one-dimensional MGFLD neutrino transport. At 225 ms after bounce we see large-scale convection behind the shock, characterized by high-entropy, mushroom-like, expanding upflows and dense, low-entropy, finger-like downflows. The upflows reach the shock and distort it from sphericity. The radial convection velocities become supersonic just below the shock, reaching magnitudes in excess of 10^9 cm/sec. Eventually, however, the shock recedes to smaller radii, and at about 500 ms after bounce there is no evidence in our simulation of an explosion or of a developing explosion. Failure in our ``optimistic 15 solar mass Newtonian model leads us to conclude that it is unlikely, at least in our approximation, that neutrino-driven convection will lead to explosions for more massive stars with fatter iron cores or in cases in which general relativity is included.
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We investigate the criteria for successful core-collapse supernova explosions by the neutrino mechanism. We find that a critical-luminosity/mass-accretion-rate condition distinguishes non-exploding from exploding models in hydrodynamic one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) simulations. We present 95 such simulations that parametrically explore the dependence on neutrino luminosity, mass accretion rate, resolution, and dimensionality. While radial oscillations mediate the transition between 1D accretion (non-exploding) and exploding simulations, the non-radial standing accretion shock instability characterizes 2D simulations. We find that it is useful to compare the average dwell time of matter in the gain region with the corresponding heating timescale, but that tracking the residence time distribution function of tracer particles better describes the complex flows in multi-dimensional simulations. Integral quantities such as the net heating rate, heating efficiency, and mass in the gain region decrease with time in non-exploding models, but for 2D exploding models, increase before, during, and after explosion. At the onset of explosion in 2D, the heating efficiency is $sim$2% to $sim$5% and the mass in the gain region is $sim$0.005 M$_{sun}$ to $sim$0.01 M$_{sun}$. Importantly, we find that the critical luminosity for explosions in 2D is $sim$70% of the critical luminosity required in 1D. This result is not sensitive to resolution or whether the 2D computational domain is a quadrant or the full 180$^{circ}$. We suggest that the relaxation of the explosion condition in going from 1D to 2D (and to, perhaps, 3D) is of a general character and is not limited by the parametric nature of this study.
In this paper, we present results from a simulation of stellar core collapse, bounce, and postbounce evolution with Boltzmann neutrino transport. We motivate the development of our Boltzmann solver in light of the sensitivity of the neutrino-heating core collapse supernova paradigm to details in the neutrino transport, particularly near the neutrinospheres, where the neutrinos are neither diffusing nor free streaming and a kinetic description is necessary, and in light of the mixed outcomes and transport approximations used in all prior supernova models in both one and two dimensions. We discuss the implications of our findings for the supernova mechanism and future supernova research. We also present the results of a Boltzmann transport prediction of the early neutrino light curves in the model included here.
We present multi-dimensional core-collapse supernova simulations using the Isotropic Diffusion Source Approximation (IDSA) for the neutrino transport and a modified potential for general relativity in two different supernova codes: FLASH and ELEPHANT. Due to the complexity of the core-collapse supernova explosion mechanism, simulations require not only high-performance computers and the exploitation of GPUs, but also sophisticated approximations to capture the essential microphysics. We demonstrate that the IDSA is an elegant and efficient neutrino radiation transfer scheme, which is portable to multiple hydrodynamics codes and fast enough to investigate long-term evolutions in two and three dimensions. Simulations with a 40 solar mass progenitor are presented in both FLASH (1D and 2D) and ELEPHANT (3D) as an extreme test condition. It is found that the black hole formation time is delayed in multiple dimensions and we argue that the strong standing accretion shock instability before black hole formation will lead to strong gravitational waves.
Core-collapse supernovae are, despite their spectacular visual display, neutrino events. Virtually all of the 10^53 ergs of gravitational binding energy released in the formation of the nascent neutron star is carried away in the form of neutrinos and antineutrinos of all three flavors, and these neutrinos are primarily responsible for powering the explosion. This mechanism depends sensitively on the neutrino transport between the neutrinospheres and the shock. In light of this, we have performed a comparison of multigroup Boltzmann neutrino transport (MGBT) and multigroup flux-limited diffusion (MGFLD) in post-core bounce environments. Differences in the mean inverse flux factors, luminosities, and RMS energies translate to heating rates that are up to 2 times larger for Boltzmann transport, with net cooling rates below the gain radius that are typically 0.8 times the MGFLD rates. These differences are greatest at earlier postbounce times for a given progenitor mass, and for a given postbounce time, greater for greater progenitor mass. The increased differences with increased progenitor mass suggest that the net heating enhancement from MGBT is potentially robust and self-regulated.
Simulations of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) result in successful explosions once the neutrino luminosity exceeds a critical curve, and recent simulations indicate that turbulence further enables explosion by reducing this critical neutrino luminosity. We propose a theoretical framework to derive this result and take the first steps by deriving the governing mean-field equations. Using Reynolds decomposition, we decompose flow variables into background and turbulent flows and derive self-consistent averaged equations for their evolution. As basic requirements for the CCSN problem, these equations naturally incorporate steady-state accretion, neutrino heating and cooling, non-zero entropy gradients, and turbulence terms associated with buoyant driving, redistribution, and dissipation. Furthermore, analysis of two-dimensional (2D) CCSN simulations validate these Reynolds-averaged equations, and we show that the physics of turbulence entirely accounts for the differences between 1D and 2D CCSN simulations. As a prelude to deriving the reduction in the critical luminosity, we identify the turbulent terms that most influence the conditions for explosion. Generically, turbulence equations require closure models, but these closure models depend upon the macroscopic properties of the flow. To derive a closure model that is appropriate for CCSNe, we cull the literature for relevant closure models and compare each with 2D simulations. These models employ local closure approximations and fail to reproduce the global properties of neutrino-driven turbulence. Motivated by the generic failure of these local models, we propose an original model for turbulence which incorporates global properties of the flow. This global model accurately reproduces the turbulence profiles and evolution of 2D CCSN simulations.
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