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Register a new userConstraining Variations in the Fine-structure Constant, Quark Masses and the Strong Interaction
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M. T. Murphy
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We present evidence for variations in the fine-structure constant from Keck/HIRES spectra of 143 quasar absorption systems over the redshift range 0.2 < z_abs < 4.2. This includes 15 new systems, mostly at high-z (z_abs > 1.8). Our most robust estimate is a weighted mean da/a=(-0.57 +/- 0.11)x10^{-5}. We respond to recent criticisms of the many-multiplet method used to extract these constraints. The most important potential systematic error at low-z is the possibility of very different Mg heavy isotope abundances in the absorption clouds and laboratory: {it higher} abundances of {25,26}Mg in the absorbers may explain the low-z results. Approximately equal mixes of {24}Mg and {25,26}Mg are required. Observations of Galactic stars generally show {it lower} {25,26}Mg isotope fractions at the low metallicities typifying the absorbers. Higher values can be achieved with an enhanced population of intermediate mass stars at high redshift, a possibility at odds with observed absorption system element abundances. At present, all observational evidence is consistent with the varying-alpha results. Another promising method to search for variation of fundamental constants involves comparing different atomic clocks. Here we calculate the dependence of nuclear magnetic moments on quark masses and obtain limits on the variation of alpha and m_q/Lambda_QCD from recent atomic clock experiments with hyperfine transitions in H, Rb, Cs, Hg+ and an optical transition in Hg+.
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Various classes of exotic singularity models have been studied as possible mimic models for the observed recent acceleration of the universe. Here we further study one of these classes and, under the assumption that they are phenomenological toy models for the behavior of an underlying scalar field which also couples to the electromagnetic sector of the theory, obtain the corresponding behavior of the fine-structure constant $alpha$ for particular choices of model parameters that have been previously shown to be in reasonable agreement with cosmological observations. We then compare this predicted behavior with available measurements of $alpha$, thus constraining this putative coupling to electromagnetism. We find that values of the coupling which would provide a good fit to spectroscopic measurements of $alpha$ are in more than three-sigma tension with local atomic clock bounds. Future measurements by ESPRESSO and ELT-HIRES will provide a definitive test of these models.
We discuss present and future cosmological constraints on variations of the fine structure constant $alpha$ induced by an early dark energy component having the simplest allowed (linear) coupling to electromagnetism. We find that current cosmological data show no variation of the fine structure constant at recombination respect to the present-day value, with $alpha$ / $alpha_0$ = 0.975 pm 0.020 at 95 % c.l., constraining the energy density in early dark energy to $Omega_e$ < 0.060 at 95 % c.l.. Moreover, we consider constraints on the parameter quantifying the strength of the coupling by the scalar field. We find that current cosmological constraints on the coupling are about 20 times weaker than those obtainable locally (which come from Equivalence Principle tests). However forthcoming or future missions, such as Planck Surveyor and CMBPol, can match and possibly even surpass the sensitivity of current local tests.
White dwarf atmospheres are subjected to gravitational potentials around $10^5$ times larger than occur on Earth. They provide a unique environment in which to search for any possible variation in fundamental physics in the presence of strong gravitational fields. However, a sufficiently strong magnetic field will alter absorption line profiles and introduce additional uncertainties in measurements of the fine structure constant. Estimating the magnetic field strength is thus essential in this context. Here we model the absorption profiles of a large number of atomic transitions in the white dwarf photosphere, including first-order Zeeman effects in the line profiles, varying the magnetic field as a free parameter. We apply the method to a high signal-to-noise, high-resolution, far-ultraviolet HST/STIS spectrum of the white dwarf G191-B2B. The method yields a sensitive upper limit on its magnetic field of $B < 2300$ Gauss at the $3sigma$ level. Using this upper limit we find that the potential impact of quadratic Zeeman shifts on measurements of the fine structure constant in G191-B2B is 4 orders of magnitude below laboratory wavelength uncertainties.
The possibility of variation of the fundamental constants of nature has been a long-standing question, with important consequences for fundamental physics and cosmology. In particular, it has been shown that variations in the fine-structure constant, $alpha$, are directly related to violation of the distance duality relation (DDR), which holds true as long as photons travel on unique null geodesics and their number is conserved. In this paper we use the currently available measurements of ${Delta alpha}/{alpha}$ to impose the most stringent constraints on departures of the DDR to date, here quantified by the parameter $eta$. We also perform a forecast analysis to discuss the ability of the new generation of high-resolution spectrograph, like ESPRESSO/VLT and E-ELT-HIRES, to constrain the DDR parameter $eta$. From the current data we obtain constraints on $eta$ of the order of $10^{-7}$ whereas the forecasted constraints are two orders of magnitude lower. Considering the expected level of uncertainties of the upcoming measurements, we also estimate the necessary number of data points to confirm the hypotheses behind the DDR.
This thesis describes a detailed investigation of the effects of matter inhomogeneities on the cosmological evolution of the fine structure constant using the Bekenstein-Sandvik-Barrow-Magueijo (BSBM) theory. We briefly review the observational and theoretical motivations to this work, together with the standard cosmological model. We start by analysing the phase space of the system of equations that describes a time-varying fine structure constant, in a homogeneous and isotropic background universe. We classify all the possible behaviours of the fine structure constant in ever-expanding universes and find exact solutions for it. Using a gauge-invariant formalism, we derive and solve the linearly perturbed Einstein cosmological equations for the BSBM theory. We calculate the time evolution of inhomogeneous perturbations of the fine structure constant on small and large scales with respect to the Hubble radius. We also investigate, in the non-linear regime of the large scale structure formation, the space-time evolution of the fine structure constant, inside evolving spherical overdensities. The dependence on the dark-energy equation of state is also analysed. Finally, we analyse the effects of the coupling of the field (that drives the variations in the fine structure constant) to the matter fields, on the space and time evolution of the fine structure constant.
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