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Register a new userA Deep Chandra Catalog of X-ray Point Sources toward the Galactic Center
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Authors
M. P. Muno
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(abridged) We present a catalog of 2357 point sources detected during 590 ks of Chandra observations of the 17-by-17 arcminute field around Sgr A*. This field encompasses a physical area of 40 by 40 pc at a distance of 8 kpc. The completeness limit of the sample at the Galactic center is 10^{31} erg s^{-1} (2.0--8.0 keV), while the detection limit is an order of magnitude lower. The 281 sources detected below 1.5 keV are mainly in the foreground of the Galactic center, while comparisons to the Chandra deep fields at high Galactic latitudes suggest that only about 100 of the observed sources are background AGN. The surface density of absorbed sources (not detected below 1.5 keV) falls off as 1/theta away from Sgr A*, in agreement with the distribution of stars in infrared surveys. Point sources brighter than our completeness limit produce 10% of the flux previously attributed to diffuse emission. The log(N)-log(S) distribution of the Galactic center sources is extremely steep (power-law slope alpha = 1.7). If this distribution extends down to a flux of 10^{-17} erg cm^{-1} s^{-1} (10^{29} erg s^{-1} at 8 kpc, 2.0--8.0 keV) with the same slope, then point sources would account for all of the previously reported diffuse emission. Therefore, the 2.0--8.0 keV luminosity distribution must flatten between 10^{29} - 10^{31} erg s^{-1}. Finally, the spectra of more than half of the Galactic center sources are very hard, and can be described by a power law ($E^{-Gamma}) with photon index Gamma < 1. Such hard spectra have been seen previously only from magnetically accreting white dwarfs and wind-accreting neutron stars, suggesting that there are large numbers of these systems in our field.
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We present a catalog of 9017 X-ray sources identified in Chandra observations of a 2 by 0.8 degree field around the Galactic center. We increase the number of known X-ray sources in the region by a factor of 2.5. The catalog incorporates all of the ACIS-I observations as of 2007 August, which total 2.25 Msec of exposure. At the distance to the Galactic center (8 kpc), we are sensitive to sources with luminosities >4e32 erg/s (0.5-8.0 keV; 90% confidence) over an area of one square degree, and up to an order of magnitude more sensitive in the deepest exposure (1.0 Msec) around Sgr A*. The positions of 60% of our sources are accurate to <1 (95% confidence), and 20% have positions accurate to <0.5. We search for variable sources, and find that 3% exhibit flux variations within an observation, 10% exhibit variations from observation-to-observation. We also find one source, CXOUGC J174622.7-285218, with a periodic 1745 s signal (1.4% chance probability), which is probably a magnetically-accreting cataclysmic variable. We compare the spatial distribution of X-ray sources to a model for the stellar distribution, and find 2.8 sigma evidence for excesses in the numbers of X-ray sources in the region of recent star formation encompassed by the Arches, Quintuplet, and Galactic center star clusters. These excess sources are also seen in the luminosity distribution of the X-ray sources, which is flatter near the Arches and Quintuplet than elsewhere in the field. These excess point sources, along with a similar longitudinal asymmetry in the distribution of diffuse iron emission that has been reported by other authors, probably have their origin in the young stars that are prominent at l~0.1 degree.
We report the discovery of eight X-ray sources with periodic variability in 487 ks of observations of the Galactic center with Chandra. The sources are identified from a sample of 285 objects detected with 100-4200 net counts. Their periods range from 300 s to 4.5 h with amplitudes between 40% and 70% rms. They have luminosities of (1 - 5) times 10^{32} erg/sec (2--8 keV at 8 kpc). The spectra of seven of the eight sources are consistent with Gamma = 0 power laws absorbed by gas and dust with a column density equal to or higher than that toward the Galactic Center (6 times 10^{22} cm^{-2}). Four of these sources also exhibit emission lines near 6.7 keV from He-like Fe, with equivalent widths of 600-1000 eV. These properties are consistent with both magnetically accreting cataclysmic variables and wind-accreting neutron stars in high-mass X-ray binaries. The eighth source has an absorbing column of 5 times 10^{21} cm^{-2} that places it in the foreground. Its spectrum is consistent with either a Gamma = 1.4 power law or kT = 25 keV bremsstrahlung emission. Its period-folded flux profile clearly identifies it as an eclipsing polar. We place an approximate upper limit of i^prime > 23 magnitude on the optical counterpart to this source using a 5 min exposure obtained with the MagIC camera on the Clay telescope (Magellan II) at Las Campanas.
We examine the X-ray spectra and variability of the sample of X-ray sources with L_X = 10^{31}-10^{33} erg s^{-1} identified within the inner 9 of the Galaxy. Very few of the sources exhibit intra-day or inter-month variations. We find that the spectra of the point sources near the Galactic center are very hard between 2--8 keV, even after accounting for absorption. When modeled as power laws the median photon index is Gamma=0.7, while when modeled as thermal plasma we can only obtain lower limits to the temperature of kT>8 keV. The combined spectra of the point sources is similarly hard, with a photon index of Gamma=0.8. Strong line emission is observed from low-ionization, He-like, and H-like Fe, both in the average spectra and in the brightest individual sources. The line ratios of the highly-ionized Fe in the average spectra are consistent with emission from a plasma in thermal equilibrium. This line emission is observed whether average spectra are examined as a function of the count rate from the source, or as a function of the hardness ratios of individual sources. This suggests that the hardness of the spectra may in fact to due local absorption that partially-covers the X-ray emitting regions in the Galactic center systems. We suggest that most of these sources are intermediate polars, which (1) often exhibit hard spectra with prominent Fe lines, (2) rarely exhibit either flares on short time scales or changes in their mean X-ray flux on long time scales, and (3) are the most numerous hard X-ray sources with comparable luminosities in the Galaxy.
We examine the spectrum of diffuse emission detected in the 17 by 17 field around Sgr A* during 625 ks of Chandra observations. The spectrum exhibits He-like and H-like lines from Si, S, Ar, Ca, and Fe, that are consistent with originating in a two-temperature plasma, as well as a prominent low-ionization Fe line. The cooler, kT=0.8 keV plasma differs in surface brightness across the image by a factor of 9. This soft plasma is probably heated by supernovae. The radiative cooling rate of the plasma within the inner 20 pc of the Galaxy could be balanced by 1% of the kinetic energy of one supernova every 300,000 y. The hotter, kT=8 keV component is more spatially uniform, ranging over a factor of 2 in surface brightness. The intensity of the hard plasma is correlated with that of the soft, but they are probably only indirectly related, because supernova remnants are not observed to produce thermal plasma hotter than kT=3 keV. Moreover, a kT=8 keV plasma is too hot to be bound to the Galactic center, and therefore would form a slow wind or fountain of plasma. The energy required to sustain such a freely-expanding plasma within the inner 20 pc of the Galaxy is ~10^40 erg/s, which corresponds to the entire kinetic energy of one supernova every 3000 y. This rate is unreasonably high. However, alternative explanations for the kT=8 keV diffuse emission are equally unsatisfying. We are left to conclude that either the diffuse emission is heated by an unanticipated source of energy, or that a population of faint (< 10^31 erg/s), hard X-ray sources that are a factor of 10 more numerous than CVs remains to be discovered. (Abridged)
The Extended Chandra Deep Field-South (ECDFS) survey consists of 4 Chandra ACIS-I pointings and covers $approx$ 1100 square arcminutes ($approx$ 0.3 deg$^2$) centered on the original CDF-S field to a depth of approximately 228 ks. This is the largest Chandra survey ever conducted at such depth, and only one XMM-Newton survey reaches a lower flux limit in the hard 2.0--8.0 keV band. We detect 651 unique sources -- 587 using a conservative source detection threshold and 64 using a lower source detection threshold. These are presented as two separate catalogs. Of the 651 total sources, 561 are detected in the full 0.5--8.0 keV band, 529 in the soft 0.5--2.0 keV band, and 335 in the hard 2.0--8.0 keV band. For point sources near the aim point, the limiting fluxes are approximately $1.7 times 10^{-16}$ $rm{erg cm^{-2} s^{-1}}$ and $3.9 times 10^{-16}$ $rm{erg cm^{-2} s^{-1}}$ in the 0.5--2.0 keV and 2.0--8.0 keV bands, respectively. Using simulations, we determine the catalog completeness as a function of flux and assess uncertainties in the derived fluxes due to incomplete spectral information. We present the differential and cumulative flux distributions, which are in good agreement with the number counts from previous deep X-ray surveys and with the predictions from an AGN population synthesis model that can explain the X-ray background. In general, fainter sources have harder X-ray spectra, consistent with the hypothesis that these sources are mainly obscured AGN.
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