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Register a new userNon-absoluteness of Hjorths Cardinal Characterization
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In [5], Hjorth proved that for every countable ordinal $alpha$, there exists a complete $mathcal{L}_{omega_1,omega}$-sentence $phi_alpha$ that has models of all cardinalities less than or equal to $aleph_alpha$, but no models of cardinality $aleph_{alpha+1}$. Unfortunately, his solution does not yield a single $mathcal{L}_{omega_1,omega}$-sentence $phi_alpha$, but a set of $mathcal{L}_{omega_1,omega}$-sentences, one of which is guaranteed to work. It was conjectured in [9] that it is independent of the axioms of ZFC which of these sentences has the desired property. In the present paper, we prove that this conjecture is true. More specifically, we isolate a diagonalization principle for functions from $omega_1$ to $omega_1$ which is a consequence of the Bounded Proper Forcing Axiom (BPFA) and then we use this principle to prove that Hjorths solution to characterizing $aleph_2$ in models of BPFA is different than in models of CH. In addition, we show that large cardinals are not needed to obtain this independence result by proving that our diagonalization principle can be forced over models of CH.
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In [FHK13], the authors considered the question whether model-existence of $L_{omega_1,omega}$-sentences is absolute for transitive models of ZFC, in the sense that if $V subseteq W$ are transitive models of ZFC with the same ordinals, $varphiin V$ and $Vmodels varphi text{ is an } L_{omega_1,omega}text{-sentence}$, then $V models varphi text{ has a model of size } aleph_alpha$ if and only if $W models varphi text{ has a model of size } aleph_alpha$. From [FHK13] we know that the answer is positive for $alpha=0,1$ and under the negation of CH, the answer is negative for all $alpha>1$. Under GCH, and assuming the consistency of a supercompact cardinal, the answer remains negative for each $alpha>1$, except the case when $alpha=omega$ which is an open question in [FHK13]. We answer the open question by providing a negative answer under GCH even for $alpha=omega$. Our examples are incomplete sentences. In fact, the same sentences can be used to prove a negative answer under GCH for all $alpha>1$ assuming the consistency of a Mahlo cardinal. Thus, the large cardinal assumption is relaxed from a supercompact in [FHK13] to a Mahlo cardinal. Finally, we consider the absoluteness question for the $aleph_alpha$-amalgamation property of $L_{omega_1,omega}$-sentences (under substructure). We prove that assuming GCH, $aleph_alpha$-amalgamation is non-absolute for $1<alpha<omega$. This answers a question from [SS]. The cases $alpha=1$ and $alpha$ infinite remain open. As a corollary we get that it is non-absolute that the amalgamation spectrum of an $L_{omega_1,omega}$-sentence is empty.
We continue the study of the virtual large cardinal hierarchy, initiated in Gitman and Schindler (2018), by analysing virtu
Let ${mathfrak C}$ be a monster model of an arbitrary theory $T$, $bar alpha$ any tuple of bounded length of elements of ${mathfrak C}$, and $bar c$ an enumeration of all elements of ${mathfrak C}$. By $S_{bar alpha}({mathfrak C})$ denote the compact space of all complete types over ${mathfrak C}$ extending $tp(bar alpha/emptyset)$, and $S_{bar c}({mathfrak C})$ is defined analogously. Then $S_{bar alpha}({mathfrak C})$ and $S_{bar c}({mathfrak C})$ are naturally $Aut({mathfrak C})$-flows. We show that the Ellis groups of both these flows are of bounded size (i.e. smaller than the degree of saturation of ${mathfrak C}$), providing an explicit bound on this size. Next, we prove that these Ellis groups do not depend on the choice of the monster model ${mathfrak C}$; thus, we say that they are absolute. We also study minimal left ideals (equivalently subflows) of the Ellis semigroups of the flows $S_{bar alpha}({mathfrak C})$ and $S_{bar c}({mathfrak C})$. We give an example of a NIP theory in which the minimal left ideals are of unbounded size. We show that in each of these two cases, boundedness of a minimal left ideal is an absolute property (i.e. it does not depend on the choice of ${mathfrak C}$) and that whenever such an ideal is bounded, then its isomorphism type is also absolute. Assuming NIP, we give characterizations of when a minimal left ideal of the Ellis semigroup of $S_{bar c}({mathfrak C})$ is bounded. Then we adapt a proof of Chernikov and Simon to show that whenever such an ideal is bounded, the natural epimorphism (described by Krupinski, Pillay and Rzepecki) from the Ellis group of the flow $S_{bar c}({mathfrak C})$ to the Kim-Pillay Galois group $Gal_{KP}(T)$ is an isomorphism (in particular, $T$ is G-compact). We provide some counter-examples for $S_{bar alpha}({mathfrak C})$ in place of $S_{bar c}({mathfrak C})$.
A function f from reals to reals (f:R->R) is almost continuous (in the sense of Stallings) iff every open set in the plane which contains the graph of f contains the graph of a continuous function. Natkaniec showed that for any family F of continuum many real functions there exists g:R->R such that f+g is almost continuous for every f in F. Let AA be the smallest cardinality of a family F of real functions for which there is no g:R->R with the property that f+g is almost continuous for every f in F. Thus Natkaniec showed that AA is strictly greater than the continuum. He asked if anything more could be said. We show that the cofinality of AA is greater than the continuum, c. Moreover, we show that it is pretty much all that can be said about AA in ZFC, by showing that AA can be equal to any regular cardinal between c^+ and 2^c (with 2^c arbitrarily large). We also show that AA = AD where AD is defined similarly to AA but for the class of Darboux functions. This solves another problem of Maliszewski and Natkaniec.
We give a valuation theoretic characterization for a real closed field to be recursively saturated. Our result extends the characterization of Harnik and Ressayre cite{hr} for a divisible ordered abelian group to be recursively saturated.
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