No Arabic abstract
We continue to develop a program in geometric measure theory that seeks to identify how measures in a space interact with canonical families of sets in the space. In particular, extending a theorem of the first author and R. Schul in Euclidean space, for an arbitrary locally finite Borel measure in an arbitrary Carnot group, we develop tests that identify the part of the measure that is carried by rectifiable curves and the part of the measure that is singular to rectifiable curves. Our main result is entwined with an extension of the Analysts Traveling Salesman Theorem, which characterizes subsets of rectifiable curves in $mathbb{R}^2$ (P. Jones, 1990), in $mathbb{R}^n$ (K. Okikolu, 1992), or in an arbitrary Carnot group (the second author) in terms of local geometric least squares data called Jones $beta$-numbers. In a secondary result, we implement the Garnett-Killip-Schul construction of a doubling measure in $mathbb{R}^n$ that charges a rectifiable curve in an arbitrary complete, quasiconvex, doubling metric space.
In this paper we prove the one-dimensional Preiss theorem in the first Heisenberg group $mathbb H^1$. More precisely we show that a Radon measure $phi$ on $mathbb H^1$ with positive and finite one-density with respect to the Koranyi distance is supported on a one-rectifiable set in the sense of Federer, i.e., it is supported on the countable union of the images of Lipschitz maps $Asubseteq mathbb Rtomathbb H^1$. The previous theorem is a consequence of a Marstrand-Mattila type rectifiability criterion, which we prove in arbitrary Carnot groups for measures with tangent planes that admit a normal complementary subgroup. Namely, in this co-normal case, even if we a priori ask that the tangent planes at a point might rotate at different scales, a posteriori the measure has a unique tangent almost everywhere. Since every horizontal subgroup has a normal complement, our criterion applies in the particular case of one-dimensional horizontal subgroups. These results are the outcome of a detailed study of a new notion of rectifiability: we say that a Radon measure on a Carnot group is $mathscr{P}_h$-rectifiable, for $hinmathbb N$, if it has positive $h$-lower density and finite $h$-upper density almost everywhere, and, at almost every point, it admits as tangent measures only (multiple of) the Haar measure of a homogeneous subgroup of Hausdorff dimension $h$. We also prove several structure properties of $mathscr{P}_h$-rectifiable measures. First, we compare $mathscr{P}_h$-rectifiability with other notions of rectifiability previously known in the literature in the setting of Carnot groups and we realize that it is strictly weaker than them. Furthermore, we show that a $mathscr{P}_h$-rectifiable measure has almost everywhere positive and finite $h$-density whenever the tangents admit at least one complementary subgroup.
We provide a Rademacher theorem for intrinsically Lipschitz functions $phi:Usubseteq mathbb Wto mathbb L$, where $U$ is a Borel set, $mathbb W$ and $mathbb L$ are complementary subgroups of a Carnot group, where we require that $mathbb L$ is a normal subgroup. Our hypotheses are satisfied for example when $mathbb W$ is a horizontal subgroup. Moreover, we provide an area formula for this class of intrinsically Lipschitz functions.
We formalize the notion of limit of an inverse system of metric spaces with $1$-Lipschitz projections having unbounded fibers. The purpose is to use sub-Riemannian groups for metrizing the space of signatures of rectifiable paths in Euclidean spaces, as introduced by Chen. The constructive limit space has the universal property in the category of pointed metric spaces with 1-Lipschitz maps. In the general setting some metric properties are discussed such as the existence of geodesics and lifts. The notion of submetry will play a crucial role. The construction is applied to the sequence of free Carnot groups of fixed rank $n$ and increasing step. In this case, such limit space is in correspondence with the space of signatures of rectifiable paths in $mathbb R^n$. Hambly-Lyonss result on the uniqueness of signature implies that this space is a geodesic metric tree that brunches at every point with infinite valence. As a particular consequence we deduce that every path in $mathbb R^n$ can be approximated by projections of some geodesics in some Carnot group of rank $n$, giving an evidence that the complexity of sub-Riemannian geodesics increases with the step.
In this paper, we construct Holder maps to Carnot groups equipped with a Carnot metric, especially the first Heisenberg group $mathbb{H}$. Pansu and Gromov observed that any surface embedded in $mathbb{H}$ has Hausdorff dimension at least 3, so there is no $alpha$-Holder embedding of a surface into $mathbb{H}$ when $alpha>frac{2}{3}$. Zust improved this result to show that when $alpha>frac{2}{3}$, any $alpha$-Holder map from a simply-connected Riemannian manifold to $mathbb{H}$ factors through a metric tree. In the present paper, we show that Zusts result is sharp by constructing $(frac{2}{3}-epsilon)$-Holder maps from $D^2$ and $D^3$ to $mathbb{H}$ that do not factor through a tree. We use these to show that if $0<alpha < frac{2}{3}$, then the set of $alpha$-Holder maps from a compact metric space to $mathbb{H}$ is dense in the set of continuous maps and to construct proper degree-1 maps from $mathbb{R}^3$ to $mathbb{H}$ with Holder exponents arbitrarily close to $frac{2}{3}$.
We show that if $M$ is a sub-Riemannian manifold and $N$ is a Carnot group such that the nilpotentization of $M$ at almost every point is isomorphic to $N$, then there are subsets of $N$ of positive measure that embed into $M$ by bilipschitz maps. Furthermore, $M$ is countably $N$--rectifiable, i.e., all of $M$ except for a null set can be covered by countably many such maps.