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Dark photons are massive abelian gauge bosons that interact with ordinary photons via a kinetic mixing with the hypercharge field strength tensor. This theory is probed by a variety of different experiments and limits are set on a combination of the dark photon mass and kinetic mixing parameter. These limits can however be strongly modified by the presence of additional heavy degrees of freedom. Using the framework of dark effective field theory, we study how robust are the current experimental bounds when these new states are present. We focus in particular on the possible existence of a dark dipole interaction between the Standard Model leptons and the dark photon. We show that the presence of a dark dipole modifies existing supernov{ae} bounds for cut-off scales up to $mathcal{O}(10 - 100~text{TeV})$. On the other hand, terrestrial experiments, such as LSND and E137, can probe cut-off scales up to $mathcal{O}(3~text{TeV})$. For the latter experiment we highlight that the bound extends down to vanishing kinetic mixing.
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The hypothetical massive dark photon ($gamma$) which has kinetic mixing with the SM photon can decay electromagnetically to $e^+e^-$ pairs if its mass $m$ exceeds $2m_e$ and otherwise into three SM photons. These decays yield cosmological and supernovae associated signatures. We briefly discuss these signatures, particularly in connection with the supernova SN1987A and delineate the extra constraints that may then arise on the mass and mixing parameter of the dark photon. In particular, we find that for dark photon mass $m_{gamma}$ in the 5-20 MeV range, arguments based on supernova 1987A observations lead to a bound on $epsilon$ which is about 300 times stronger than the presently existing bounds based on energy loss arguments.
The existence of Dark Matter (DM) is a well established fact since many decades, thanks to the observation of the effects of its gravitational interaction with the ordinary matter in the Universe. However, our knowledge of the Dark Matter features is still rather scarce. Indeed, one of the biggest quests in fundamental science today is the investigation of Dark Matter nature, from its origin to its composition, and the way its constituents interact with the ordinary matter, apart from gravity. Huge and ambitious efforts have been spent in the last years into its identification, concentrating especially on the search of viable Weakly Interacting Massive Particle candidates. However, no positive results have been achieved so far along this direction. On the other hand, many fascinating new ideas and models for its interpretation have been blooming: among them, an intriguing hypothesis is that the Dark Matter constituents could be neutral under Standard Model interactions, but they could interact through a new, still unknown, force under a hidden charge. This new hidden symmetry would be mediated by a massive gauge boson, the dark photon, which is expected to couple to the Standard Model via a kinetic mixing. The search for such a massive mediator has been pursued with large enthusiasm and dedication in the latest years, as its observation could be within the reach of many already existing experimental facilities, both based on accelerators
We consider a generic dark photon that arises from a hidden $U(1)$ gauge symmetry imposed on right-handed neutrinos ($ u_{R}$). Such a $ u_{R}$-philic dark photon is naturally dark due to the absence of tree-level couplings to normal matter. However, loop-induced couplings to charged leptons and quarks are inevitable, provided that $ u_{R}$ mix with left-handed neutrinos via Dirac mass terms. We investigate the loop-induced couplings and find that the $ u_{R}$-philic dark photon is not inaccessibly dark, which could be of potential importance to future dark photon searches at SHiP, FASER, Belle-II, LHC 14 TeV, etc.
Dark photon as an ultralight dark matter candidate can interact with the Standard Model particles via kinetic mixing. We propose to search for the ultralight dark photon dark matter using radio telescopes with solar observations. The dark photon dark matter can efficiently convert into photons in the outermost region of the solar atmosphere, the solar corona, where the plasma mass of photons is close to the dark photon rest mass. Due to the strong resonant conversion and benefiting from the short distance between the Sun and the Earth, the radio telescopes can lead the dark photon search sensitivity in the mass range of $4 times 10^{-8} - 4times 10^{-6} , rm{eV}$, corresponding to the frequency $10 - 1000 , {rm MHz}$. As a promising example, the operating radio telescope LOFAR can reach the kinetic mixing $epsilon sim 10^{-13}$ ($10^{-14}$) within 1 (100) hour solar observations. The future experiment SKA phase 1 can reach $epsilon sim 10^{-16} - 10^{-14}$ with $1$ hour solar observations.
We discuss the possibility of producing a light dark photon dark matter through a coupling between the dark photon field and the inflaton. The dark photon with a large wavelength is efficiently produced due to the inflaton motion during inflation and becomes non-relativistic before the time of matter-radiation equality. We compute the amount of production analytically. The correct relic abundance is realized with a dark photon mass extending down to $10^{-21} , rm eV$.
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