No Arabic abstract
Motion prediction of vehicles is critical but challenging due to the uncertainties in complex environments and the limited visibility caused by occlusions and limited sensor ranges. In this paper, we study a new task, safety-aware motion prediction with unseen vehicles for autonomous driving. Unlike the existing trajectory prediction task for seen vehicles, we aim at predicting an occupancy map that indicates the earliest time when each location can be occupied by either seen and unseen vehicles. The ability to predict unseen vehicles is critical for safety in autonomous driving. To tackle this challenging task, we propose a safety-aware deep learning model with three new loss functions to predict the earliest occupancy map. Experiments on the large-scale autonomous driving nuScenes dataset show that our proposed model significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art baselines on the safety-aware motion prediction task. To the best of our knowledge, our approach is the first one that can predict the existence of unseen vehicles in most cases. Project page at {url{https://github.com/xrenaa/Safety-Aware-Motion-Prediction}}.
In recent years, many deep learning models have been adopted in autonomous driving. At the same time, these models introduce new vulnerabilities that may compromise the safety of autonomous vehicles. Specifically, recent studies have demonstrated that adversarial attacks can cause a significant decline in detection precision of deep learning-based 3D object detection models. Although driving safety is the ultimate concern for autonomous driving, there is no comprehensive study on the linkage between the performance of deep learning models and the driving safety of autonomous vehicles under adversarial attacks. In this paper, we investigate the impact of two primary types of adversarial attacks, perturbation attacks and patch attacks, on the driving safety of vision-based autonomous vehicles rather than the detection precision of deep learning models. In particular, we consider two state-of-the-art models in vision-based 3D object detection, Stereo R-CNN and DSGN. To evaluate driving safety, we propose an end-to-end evaluation framework with a set of driving safety performance metrics. By analyzing the results of our extensive evaluation experiments, we find that (1) the attacks impact on the driving safety of autonomous vehicles and the attacks impact on the precision of 3D object detectors are decoupled, and (2) the DSGN model demonstrates stronger robustness to adversarial attacks than the Stereo R-CNN model. In addition, we further investigate the causes behind the two findings with an ablation study. The findings of this paper provide a new perspective to evaluate adversarial attacks and guide the selection of deep learning models in autonomous driving.
We address one of the crucial aspects necessary for safe and efficient operations of autonomous vehicles, namely predicting future state of traffic actors in the autonomous vehicles surroundings. We introduce a deep learning-based approach that takes into account a current world state and produces raster images of each actors vicinity. The rasters are then used as inputs to deep convolutional models to infer future movement of actors while also accounting for and capturing inherent uncertainty of the prediction task. Extensive experiments on real-world data strongly suggest benefits of the proposed approach. Moreover, following completion of the offline tests the system was successfully tested onboard self-driving vehicles.
We present a novel method for testing the safety of self-driving vehicles in simulation. We propose an alternative to sensor simulation, as sensor simulation is expensive and has large domain gaps. Instead, we directly simulate the outputs of the self-driving vehicles perception and prediction system, enabling realistic motion planning testing. Specifically, we use paired data in the form of ground truth labels and real perception and prediction outputs to train a model that predicts what the online system will produce. Importantly, the inputs to our system consists of high definition maps, bounding boxes, and trajectories, which can be easily sketched by a test engineer in a matter of minutes. This makes our approach a much more scalable solution. Quantitative results on two large-scale datasets demonstrate that we can realistically test motion planning using our simulations.
Within the context of autonomous driving, safety-related metrics for deep neural networks have been widely studied for image classification and object detection. In this paper, we further consider safety-aware correctness and robustness metrics specialized for semantic segmentation. The novelty of our proposal is to move beyond pixel-level metrics: Given two images with each having N pixels being class-flipped, the designed metrics should, depending on the clustering of pixels being class-flipped or the location of occurrence, reflect a different level of safety criticality. The result evaluated on an autonomous driving dataset demonstrates the validity and practicality of our proposed methodology.
Anticipating the future in a dynamic scene is critical for many fields such as autonomous driving and robotics. In this paper we propose a class of novel neural network architectures to predict future LiDAR frames given previous ones. Since the ground truth in this application is simply the next frame in the sequence, we can train our models in a self-supervised fashion. Our proposed architectures are based on FlowNet3D and Dynamic Graph CNN. We use Chamfer Distance (CD) and Earth Movers Distance (EMD) as loss functions and evaluation metrics. We train and evaluate our models using the newly released nuScenes dataset, and characterize their performance and complexity with several baselines. Compared to directly using FlowNet3D, our proposed architectures achieve CD and EMD nearly an order of magnitude lower. In addition, we show that our predictions generate reasonable scene flow approximations without using any labelled supervision.