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Register a new userTiming and spectral analysis of 2S 1417$-$624 during its 2018 outburst
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M.M. Serim
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We investigate timing and spectral characteristics of the transient X-ray pulsar 2S 1417$-$624 during its 2018 outburst with emph{NICER} follow up observations. We describe the spectra with high-energy cut-off and partial covering fraction absortion (PCFA) model and present flux-dependent spectral changes of the source during the 2018 outburst. Utilizing the correlation-mode switching of the spectral model parameters, we confirm the previously reported sub-critical to critical regime transitions and we argue that secondary transition from the gas-dominated to the radiation pressure-dominated disc do not lead to significant spectral changes below 12 keV. Using the existing accretion theories, we model the spin frequency evolution of 2S 1417$-$624 and investigate the noise processes of a transient X-ray pulsar for the first time using both polynomial and luminosity-dependent models for the spin frequency evolution. For the first model, the power density spectrum of the torque fluctuations indicate that the source exhibits red noise component ($Gamma sim -2$) within the timescales of outburst duration which is typical for disc-fed systems. On the other hand, the noise spectrum tends to be white on longer timescales with high timing noise level that indicates an ongoing accretion process in between outburst episodes. For the second model, most of the red noise component is eliminated and the noise spectrum is found to be consistent with a white noise structure observed in wind-fed systems.
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We have studied the evolution of different timing and spectral properties of the X-ray pulsar 2S 1417--624 during the recent outburst in January 2021 based on the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER) observations. The spin period during the outburst is $P sim$17.3622 s based on the NICER data and the period decreases slowly with time. The evolution of the spin period and pulsed flux is studied with Fermi/GBM during the outburst and the spin-up rate was found to be varied between $simeq$(0.8--1.8)$times$10$^{-11}$ Hz s$^{-1}$. The pulse profile shows strong energy dependence and variability. The pulse profile shows multiple peaks and dips which evolve significantly with energy. The pulsed fraction shows a positive correlation with energy. The evolution of the spectral state is also studied. The NICER energy spectrum is well described with a composite model of -- power-law and a blackbody emission along with a photo-electric absorption component. An iron emission line is detected near 6.4 keV in the NICER spectrum with an equivalent width of about 0.05 keV. During the recent outburst, the flux was relatively low compared to the 2018 outburst and the mass accretion rate was also low. The mass accretion rate is estimated to be $simeq$1.3 $times$ 10$^{17}$ g s$^{-1}$ near the peak of the outburst. We have found a positive correlation between the pulse frequency derivatives and luminosity. The GL model was applied to estimate the magnetic field in low mass accretion rate and different spin-up rates, which is compared to the earlier estimated magnetic field at a relatively high mass accretion rate. The magnetic field is estimated to be $simeq$10$^{14}$ G from the torque-luminosity model, which is comparatively higher than most of the other Be/XBPs.
We present a study of timing properties of the accreting pulsar 2S 1417-624 observed during its 2018 outburst, based on Swift/BAT, Fermi/GBM, Insight-HXMT and NICER observations. We report a dramatic change of the pulse profiles with luminosity. The morphology of the profile in the range 0.2-10.0keV switches from double to triple peaks at $sim2.5$ $rm times 10^{37}{it D}_{10}^2 erg s^{-1}$ and from triple to quadruple peaks at $sim7$ $rm times 10^{37}{it D}_{10}^2 erg s^{-1}$. The profile at high energies (25-100keV) shows significant evolutions as well. We explain this phenomenon according to existing theoretical models. We argue that the first change is related to the transition from the sub to the super-critical accretion regime, while the second to the transition of the accretion disc from the gas-dominated to the radiation pressure-dominated state. Considering the spin-up as well due to the accretion torque, this interpretation allows to estimate the magnetic field self-consistently at $sim7times 10^{12}$G.
We discuss the spectral and timing properties of the accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar SWIFT J1756.9-2508 observed by XMM-Newton, NICER and NuSTAR during the X-ray outburst occurred in April 2018. The spectral properties of the source are consistent with a hard state dominated at high energies by a non-thermal power-law component with a cut-off at ~70 keV. No evidence of iron emission lines or reflection humps has been found. From the coherent timing analysis of the pulse profiles, we derived an updated set of orbital ephemerides. Combining the parameters measured from the three outbursts shown by the source in the last ~11 years, we investigated the secular evolution of the spin frequency and the orbital period. We estimated a neutron magnetic field of 3.1E+8 G < B_pc< 4.5E+8 G and measured an orbital period derivative of -4.1E-12 s/s < P_dot_orb < 7.1E-12 s/s. We also studied the energy dependence of the pulse profile by characterising the behaviour of the pulse fractional amplitude in the energy range 0.3-80 keV. These results are compared with those obtained from the previous outbursts of SWIFT J1756.9-2508 and other previously known accreting millisecond X-ray pulsars.
We report on the spectral and timing properties of the accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar IGR J00291+5934 observed by XMM-Newton and NuSTAR during its 2015 outburst. The source is in a hard state dominated at high energies by a comptonization of soft photons ($sim0.9$ keV) by an electron population with kT$_esim30$ keV, and at lower energies by a blackbody component with kT$sim0.5$ keV. A moderately broad, neutral Fe emission line and four narrow absorption lines are also found. By investigating the pulse phase evolution, we derived the best-fitting orbital solution for the 2015 outburst. Comparing the updated ephemeris with those of the previous outbursts, we set a $3sigma$ confidence level interval $-6.6times 10^{-13}$ s/s $< dot{P}_{orb} < 6.5 times 10^{-13}$ s/s on the orbital period derivative. Moreover, we investigated the pulse profile dependence on energy finding a peculiar behaviour of the pulse fractional amplitude and lags as a function of energy. We performed a phase-resolved spectroscopy showing that the blackbody component tracks remarkably well the pulse-profile, indicating that this component resides at the neutron star surface (hot-spot).
The X-ray transient MAXI J1631-479 went into outburst on 2018 December 21 and remained active for about seven months. Owing to various constraints it was monitored by NICER only during the decay phase of the outburst for about four months. The NICER observations were primarily in the soft state with a brief excursion to the hard intermediate state. While the soft state spectrum was dominated by thermal disk emission, the hard intermediate state spectrum had maximum contribution from the thermal Comptonization. Almost all intermediate-state power spectra had a Type-C low frequency quasi-periodic oscillation (within 4 - 10 Hz), often accompanied by a harmonic component. The frequency of these oscillations increased and the fractional rms decreased with inner-disk temperature suggesting a geometric origin. One observation in the middle of the outburst during the hard intermediate state had two non-harmonically related peaks. While one of them was definitely a Type-C QPO, the identification of the other one is uncertain. The rms spectra during the intermediate state had a hard shape from above 1 keV. Below 1 keV the shape could not be constrained in most cases, while only a few observations showed a rise in amplitude.
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