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Register a new userTowards a Trusted Execution Environment via Reconfigurable FPGA
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Added by
S\\'ergio Pereira
Publication date
2021
fields
Informatics Engineering
and research's language is
English
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Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) are used to protect sensitive data and run secure execution for security-critical applications, by providing an environment isolated from the rest of the system. However, over the last few years, TEEs have been proven weak, as either TEEs built upon security-oriented hardware extensions (e.g., Arm TrustZone) or resorting to dedicated secure elements were exploited multiple times. In this project, we introduce Trusted Execution Environments On-Demand (TEEOD), a novel TEE design that leverages the programmable logic (PL) in the heterogeneous system on chips (SoC) as the secure execution environment. Unlike other TEE designs, TEEOD can provide high-bandwidth connections and physical on-chip isolation. We implemented a proof-of-concept (PoC) implementation targeting an Ultra96-V2 platform. The conducted evaluation demonstrated TEEOD can host up to 6 simultaneous enclaves with a resource usage per enclave of 7.0%, 3.8%, and 15.3% of the total LUTs, FFs, and BRAMS, respectively. To demonstrate the practicability of TEEOD in real-world applications, we successfully run a legacy open-source Bitcoin wallet.
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ARM TrustZone is the de-facto hardware TEE implementation on mobile devices like smartphones. As a vendor-centric TEE, TrustZone greatly overlooks the strong protection demands and requirements from the App developers. Several security solutions have been proposed to enable the TEE-assisted isolation in the Normal World of ARM, attempting to balance the security and usability. However, they are still not full-fledged in serving Apps needs. In this paper, we introduce LEAP, which is a lightweight App developer Centric TEE solution in the Normal World. LEAP offers the auto DevOps tool to help developers to prepare the codes running on it, enables isolated codes to execute in parallel and access peripheral (e.g. mobile GPUs) with ease, and dynamically manage system resources upon Apps requests. We implement the LEAP prototype on the off-the-shelf ARM platform without any hardware change. We perform the comprehensive analyses and experiments to demonstrate that LEAP is efficient in design, comprehensive in support, and convenient in adoption.
Data privacy is unarguably of extreme importance. Nonetheless, there exist various daunting challenges to safe-guarding data privacy. These challenges stem from the fact that data owners have little control over their data once it has transgressed their local storage and been managed by third parties whose trustworthiness is questionable at times. Our work seeks to enhance data privacy by constructing a self-expiring data capsule. Sensitive data is encapsulated into a capsule which is associated with an access policy an expiring condition. The former indicates eligibility of functions that can access the data, and the latter dictates when the data should become inaccessible to anyone, including the previously eligible functions. Access to the data capsule, as well as its dismantling once the expiring condition is met, are governed by a committee of independent and mutually distrusting nodes. The pivotal contribution of our work is an integration of hardware primitive, state machine replication and threshold secret sharing in the design of the self-expiring data encapsulation framework. We implement the proposed framework in a system called TEEKAP. Our empirical experiments conducted on a realistic deployment setting with the access control committee spanning across four geographical regions reveal that TEEKAP can process access requests at scale with sub-second latency.
In-storage computing with modern solid-state drives (SSDs) enables developers to offload programs from the host to the SSD. It has been proven to be an effective approach to alleviate the I/O bottleneck. To facilitate in-storage computing, many frameworks have been proposed. However, few of them treat the in-storage security as the first citizen. Specifically, since modern SSD controllers do not have a trusted execution environment, an offloaded (malicious) program could steal, modify, and even destroy the data stored in the SSD. In this paper, we first investigate the attacks that could be conducted by offloaded in-storage programs. To defend against these attacks, we build a lightweight trusted execution environment, named IceClave for in-storage computing. IceClave enables security isolation between in-storage programs and flash management functions that include flash address translation, data access control, and garbage collection, with TrustZone extensions. IceClave also achieves security isolation between in-storage programs by enforcing memory integrity verification of in-storage DRAM with low overhead. To protect data loaded from flash chips, IceClave develops a lightweight data encryption/decryption mechanism in flash controllers. We develop IceClave with a full system simulator. We evaluate IceClave with a variety of data-intensive applications such as databases. Compared to state-of-the-art in-storage computing approaches, IceClave introduces only 7.6% performance overhead, while enforcing security isolation in the SSD controller with minimal hardware cost. IceClave still keeps the performance benefit of in-storage computing by delivering up to 2.31$times$ better performance than the conventional host-based trusted computing approach.
Scientific computing sometimes involves computation on sensitive data. Depending on the data and the execution environment, the HPC (high-performance computing) user or data provider may require confidentiality and/or integrity guarantees. To study the applicability of hardware-based trusted execution environments (TEEs) to enable secure scientific computing, we deeply analyze the performance impact of AMD SEV and Intel SGX for diverse HPC benchmarks including traditional scientific computing, machine learning, graph analytics, and emerging scientific computing workloads. We observe three main findings: 1) SEV requires careful memory placement on large scale NUMA machines (1$times$$-$3.4$times$ slowdown without and 1$times$$-$1.15$times$ slowdown with NUMA aware placement), 2) virtualization$-$a prerequisite for SEV$-$results in performance degradation for workloads with irregular memory accesses and large working sets (1$times$$-$4$times$ slowdown compared to native execution for graph applications) and 3) SGX is inappropriate for HPC given its limited secure memory size and inflexible programming model (1.2$times$$-$126$times$ slowdown over unsecure execution). Finally, we discuss forthcoming new TEE designs and their potential impact on scientific computing.
Machine learning models based on Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are increasingly deployed in a wide range of applications ranging from self-driving cars to COVID-19 treatment discovery. To support the computational power necessary to learn a DNN, cloud environments with dedicated hardware support have emerged as critical infrastructure. However, there are many integrity challenges associated with outsourcing computation. Various approaches have been developed to address these challenges, building on trusted execution environments (TEE). Yet, no existing approach scales up to support realistic integrity-preserving DNN model training for heavy workloads (deep architectures and millions of training examples) without sustaining a significant performance hit. To mitigate the time gap between pure TEE (full integrity) and pure GPU (no integrity), we combine random verification of selected computation steps with systematic adjustments of DNN hyper-parameters (e.g., a narrow gradient clipping range), hence limiting the attackers ability to shift the model parameters significantly provided that the step is not selected for verification during its training phase. Experimental results show the new approach achieves 2X to 20X performance improvement over pure TEE based solution while guaranteeing a very high probability of integrity (e.g., 0.999) with respect to state-of-the-art DNN backdoor attacks.
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