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Register a new userSum of Divisors Function And The Largest Integer Function Over The Shifted Primes
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N. A. Carella
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Let $ xgeq 1 $ be a large number, let $ [x]=x-{x} $ be the largest integer function, and let $ sigma(n)$ be the sum of divisors function. This note presents the first proof of the asymptotic formula for the average order $ sum_{pleq x}sigma([x/p])=c_0xlog log x+O(x) $ over the primes, where $c_0>0$ is a constant. More generally, $ sum_{pleq x}sigma([x/(p+a)])=c_0xlog log x+O(x) $ for any fixed integer $a$.
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Let $ xgeq 1 $ be a large number, let $ [x]=x-{x} $ be the largest integer function, and let $ varphi(n)$ be the Euler totient function. The result $ sum_{nleq x}varphi([x/n])=(6/pi^2)xlog x+Oleft ( x(log x)^{2/3}(loglog x)^{1/3}right ) $ was proved very recently. This note presents a short elementary proof, and sharpen the error term to $ sum_{nleq x}varphi([x/n])=(6/pi^2)xlog x+O(x) $. In addition, the first proofs of the asymptotics formulas for the finite sums $ sum_{nleq x}psi([x/n])=(15/pi^2)xlog x+O(xlog log x) $, and $ sum_{nleq x}sigma([x/n])=(pi^2/6)xlog x+O(x log log x) $ are also evaluated here.
We show that there are infinitely many primes $p$ such that $p-1$ is divisible by a square $d^2 geq p^theta$ for $theta=1/2+1/2000.$ This improves the work of Matomaki (2009) who obtained the result for $theta=1/2-varepsilon$ (with the added constraint that $d$ is also a prime), which improved the result of Baier and Zhao (2006) with $theta=4/9-varepsilon.$ Similarly as in the work of Matomaki, we apply Harmans sieve method to detect primes $p equiv 1 , (d^2)$. To break the $theta=1/2$ barrier we prove a new bilinear equidistribution estimate modulo smooth square moduli $d^2$ by using a similar argument as Zhang (2014) used to obtain equidistribution beyond the Bombieri-Vinogradov range for primes with respect to smooth moduli. To optimize the argument we incorporate technical refinements from the Polymath project (2014). Since the moduli are squares, the method produces complete exponential sums modulo squares of primes which are estimated using the results of Cochrane and Zheng (2000).
If we cannot obtain all terms of a series, or if we cannot sum up a series, we have to turn to the partial sum approximation which approximate a function by the first several terms of the series. However, the partial sum approximation often does not work well for periodic functions. In the partial sum approximation of a periodic function, there exists an incorrect oscillation which cannot be eliminated by keeping more terms, especially at the domain endpoints. A famous example is the Gibbs phenomenon in the Fourier expansion. In the paper, we suggest an approach for eliminating such oscillations in the partial sum approximation of periodic functions.
In this paper, some sufficient conditions for the differentiability of the $n$-variable real-valued function are obtained, which are given based on the differentiability of the $n-1$-variable real-valued function and are weaker than classical conditions.
In 2008 I thought I found a proof of the Riemann Hypothesis, but there was an error. In the Spring 2020 I believed to have fixed the error, but it cannot be fixed. I describe here where the error was. It took me several days to find the error in a careful checking before a possible submission to a payable review offered by one leading journal. There were three simple lemmas and one simple theorem, all were correct, yet there was an error: what Lemma 2 proved was not exactly what Lemma 3 needed. So, it was the connection of the lemmas. This paper came out empty, but I have found a different proof of the Riemann Hypothesis and it seems so far correct. In the discussion at the end of this paper I raise a matter that I think is of importance to the review process in mathematics.
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