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Register a new userGaN HEMT based high energy particles detection preamplifier
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GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) have gained some foothold in the power electronics industry due to wide frequency bandwidth and power handling. The material offers a wide bandgap and higher critical field strength compared to most wide bandgap semiconductors, resulting in better radiation resistance and theoretically higher speeds as the devices dimensions could be reduced without suffering voltage breakdown. This work consists of the underlying simulation work intended to examine the response of the GaN HEMTs preamlifying circuits for high resolution high energy radiation detectors. The simulation and experimental results illustrate the superior performance of the GaN HEMT in an amplifying circuit. Using a spice model for a commercially available GaN HEMT non distorted output to an input signal of 200 ps was displayed. Real world measurements underscore the fast response of the GaN HEMT with its measured slew rate at approximately 3000 V /{mu}s a result only 17% lower than the result obtained from the simulation.
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Cascades from high-energy particles produce a brief current and associated magnetic fields. Even sub-nanosecond duration magnetic fields can be detected with a relatively low bandwidth system by latching image currents on a capacitor. At accelerators, this technique is employed routinely by beam-current monitors, which work for pulses even as fast as femtoseconds. We discuss scaling up these instruments in size, to 100 meters and beyond, to serve as a new kind of ground- and space-based high-energy particle detector which can instrument large areas relatively inexpensively. This new technique may be used to detect and/or veto ultra-high energy cosmic-ray showers above 100 PeV. It may also be applied to searches for hypothetical highly charged particles. In addition, these detectors may serve to search for extremely short magnetic field pulses of any origin, faster than other detectors by orders of magnitude.
We present a particle-level model for calculating the radio scatter of incident RF radiation from the plasma formed in the wake of a particle shower. We incorporate this model into a software module (RadioScatter), which calculates the collective scattered signal using the individual particle equations of motion, accounting for plasma effects, transmitter and receiver geometries, refraction at boundaries, and antenna gain patterns. We find appreciable collective scattering amplitudes with coherent phase for a range of geometries, with high geometric and volumetric acceptance. Details of the calculation are discussed, as well as the implementation of RadioScatter into GEANT4. A laboratory test of our model, currently scheduled at SLAC in 2018, with the goal of measuring the time-dependent characteristics of the reflecting plasma, is also described. Prospects for a future in-ice, high-energy neutrino detector, along with comparison to current detection strategies, are presented.
In this paper the PreAmplifier ShAper (PASA) for the Time Projection Chamber (TPC) of the ALICE experiment at LHC is presented. The ALICE TPC PASA is an ASIC that integrates 16 identical channels, each consisting of Charge Sensitive Amplifiers (CSA) followed by a Pole-Zero network, self-adaptive bias network, two second-order bridged-T filters, two non-inverting level shifters and a start-up circuit. The circuit is optimized for a detector capacitance of 18-25 pF. For an input capacitance of 25 pF, the PASA features a conversion gain of 12.74 mV/fC, a peaking time of 160 ns, a FWHM of 190 ns, a power consumption of 11.65 mW/ch and an equivalent noise charge of 244e + 17e/pF. The circuit recovers smoothly to the baseline in about 600 ns. An integral non-linearity of 0.19% with an output swing of about 2.1 V is also achieved. The total area of the chip is 18 mm$^2$ and is implemented in AMSs C35B3C1 0.35 micron CMOS technology. Detailed characterization test were performed on about 48000 PASA circuits before mounting them on the ALICE TPC front-end cards. After more than two years of operation of the ALICE TPC with p-p and Pb-Pb collisions, the PASA has demonstrated to fulfill all requirements.
We implemented a low noise current preamplifier for the readout of resistive bolometers. We tested the apparatus on thermometer resistances ranging from 10 Ohm to 500 Mohm. The use of current preamplifier overcomes constraints introduced by the readout time constant due to the thermometer resistance and the input capacitance. Using cold JFETs, this preamplifier board is shown to have very low noise: the Johnson noise of the source resistor (1 fA/Hz1/2) dominated in our noise measurements. We also implemented a lock-in chain using this preamplifier. Because of fast risetime, compensation of the phase shift may be unnecessary. If implemented, no tuning is necessary when the sensor impedance changes. Transients are very short, and thus low-passing or sampling of the signal is simplified. In case of spurious noise, the modulation frequency can be chosen in a much wider frequency range, without requiring a new calibration of the apparatus.
Avalanche photodiode (APD) has been intensively investigated as a promising candidate to replace photomultiplier tubes (PMT) for weak light detection. However, in conventional APDs, a large portion of carrier energy drawn from the electric field is thermalized, and the multiplication efficiencies of electron and hole are low and close. In order to achieve high gain, the device should work under breakdown bias, where carrier multiplication proceeds bi-directionally to form a positive feedback multiplication circle. However, breakdown is hard to control, in practice, APDs should work under Geiger mode as a compromise between sustainable detection and high gain. The complexity of system seriously restricts the application. Here, we demonstrate an avalanche photodiode holding high gain without breakdown, which means no quenching circuit is needed for sustainable detection. The device is based on a GaN/AlN periodically-stacked-structure (PSS), wherein electron holds much higher efficiency than hole to draw energy from the electric field, and avalanche happens uni-directionally with high efficiency. and a recorded high gain (10^4) tested under constant bias is obtained in a prototype device, wherein the stable gain can be determined by the periodicity of the GaN/AlN PSS. This work not only brings a new light into avalanche multiplication mechanism, but also paves a technological path with high commercial value to realize highly sensitive avalanche devices working under constant bias like PMT.
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