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Specific neutral and charged black holes in $f(R)$ gravitational theory

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 Added by Shin'ichi Nojiri
 Publication date 2021
  fields Physics
and research's language is English




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With the successes of $f(R)$ theory as a neutral modification of Einsteins general relativity (GR), we continue our study in this field and attempt to find general natural and charged black hole (BH) solutions. In the previous papers cite{Nashed:2020mnp,Nashed:2020tbp}, we applied the field equation of the $f(R)$ gravity to a spherically symmetric space-time $ds^2=-U(r)dt^2+frac{dr^2}{V(r)}+r^2 left( dtheta^2+sin^2theta dphi^2 right)$ with unequal metric potentials $U(r)$ and $V(r)$ and with/without electric charge. Then we have obtained equations which include all the possible static solutions with spherical symmetry. To ensure the closed form of system of the resulting differential equations in order to obtain specific solutions, we assumed the derivative of the $f(R)$ with respect to the scalar curvature $R$ to have a form $F_1(r)=frac{df(R(r))}{dR(r)} propto frac{c}{r^n}$ but in case $n>2$, the resulting black hole solutions with/without charge do not generate asymptotically GR BH solutions in the limit $crightarrow 0$ which means that the only case that can generate GR BHs is $n=2$. In this paper, we assume another form, i.e., $F_1(r)= 1-frac{F_0-left(n-3right)}{r^n}$ with a constant $F_0$ and show that we can generate asymptotically GR BH solutions for $n>2$ but we show that the $n=2$ case is not allowed. This form of $F_1(r)$ could be the most acceptable physical form that we can generate from it physical metric potentials that can have a well-known asymptotic form and we obtain the metric of the Einstein general relativity in the limit of $F_0to n-3$. We show that the form of the electric charge depends on $n$ and that $n eq 2$. Our study shows that the power $n$ is sensitive and why we should exclude the case $n=2$ for the choice of $F_1(r)$ presented in this study.



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In this paper, we explore the interior dynamics of neutral and charged black holes in $f(R)$ gravity. We transform $f(R)$ gravity from the Jordan frame into the Einstein frame and simulate scalar collapses in flat, Schwarzschild, and Reissner-Nordstrom geometries. In simulating scalar collapses in Schwarzschild and Reissner-Nordstrom geometries, Kruskal and Kruskal-like coordinates are used, respectively, with the presence of $f$ and a physical scalar field being taken into account. The dynamics in the vicinities of the central singularity of a Schwarzschild black hole and of the inner horizon of a Reissner-Nordstrom black hole is examined. Approximate analytic solutions for different types of collapses are partially obtained. The scalar degree of freedom $phi$, transformed from $f$, plays a similar role as a physical scalar field in general relativity. Regarding the physical scalar field in $f(R)$ case, when $dphi/dt$ is negative (positive), the physical scalar field is suppressed (magnified) by $phi$, where $t$ is the coordinate time. For dark energy $f(R)$ gravity, inside black holes, gravity can easily push $f$ to $1$. Consequently, the Ricci scalar $R$ becomes singular, and the numerical simulation breaks down. This singularity problem can be avoided by adding an $R^2$ term to the original $f(R)$ function, in which case an infinite Ricci scalar is pushed to regions where $f$ is also infinite. On the other hand, in collapse for this combined model, a black hole, including a central singularity, can be formed. Moreover, under certain initial conditions, $f$ and $R$ can be pushed to infinity as the central singularity is approached. Therefore, the classical singularity problem, which is present in general relativity, remains in collapse for this combined model.
110 - Yungui Gong , Shaoqi Hou 2017
The detection of gravitational waves by the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory opens a new era to use gravitational waves to test alternative theories of gravity. We investigate the polarizations of gravitational waves in $f(R)$ gravity and Horndeski theory, both containing scalar modes. These theories predict that in addition to the familiar $+$ and $times$ polarizations, there are transverse breathing and longitudinal polarizations excited by the massive scalar mode and the new polarization is a single mixed state. It would be very difficult to detect the longitudinal polarization by interferometers, while pulsar timing array may be the better tool to detect the longitudinal polarization.
97 - G.G.L. Nashed , S. Nojiri 2020
Recent observation shows that general relativity (GR) is not valid in the strong regime. $mathit{f(R)}$ gravity where $mathit{R}$ is the Ricci scalar, is regarded to be one of good candidates able to cure the anomalies appeared in the conventional general relativity. In this realm, we apply the equation of motions of $mathit{f(R)}$ gravity to a spherically symmetric spacetime with two unknown functions and derive original black hole (BH) solutions without any constrains on the Ricci scalar as well as on the form of $mathit{f(R)}$ gravity. Those solutions depend on a convolution function and are deviating from the Schwarzschild solution of the Einstein GR. These solutions are characterized by the gravitational mass of the system and the convolution function that in the asymptotic form gives extra terms that are responsible to make such BHs different from GR. Also, we show that these extra terms make the singularities of the invariants much weaker than those of the GR BH. We analyze such BHs using the trend of thermodynamics and show their consistency with the well known quantities in thermodynamics like the Hawking radiation, entropy and quasi-local energy. We also show that our BH solutions satisfy the first law of thermodynamics. Moreover, we study the stability analysis using the odd-type mode and shows that all the derived BHs are stable and have radial speed equal to one. Finally, using the geodesic deviations we derive the stability conditions of these BHs.
We investigate whether the new horizon first law proposed recently still work in $f(R)$ theory. We identify the entropy and the energy of black hole as quantities proportional to the corresponding value of integration, supported by the fact that the new horizon first law holds true as a consequence of equations of motion in $f(R)$ theories. The formulas for the entropy and energy of black hole found here are in agreement with the results obtained in literatures. For applications, some nontrivial black hole solutions in $f(R)$ theories have been considered, the entropies and the energies of black holes in these models are firstly computed, which may be useful for future researches.
We point out that there are only three polarizations for gravitational waves in $f(R)$ gravity, and the polarization due to the massive scalar mode is a mix of the pure longitudinal and transverse breathing polarization. The classification of the six polarizations by the Newman-Penrose quantities is based on weak, plane and null gravitational waves, so it is not applicable to the massive mode.
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