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Register a new userMolecular composition of comet 46P/Wirtanen from millimetre-wave spectroscopy
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Added by
Dominique Bockelee-Morvan
Publication date
2021
fields
Physics
and research's language is
English
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We present the results of a molecular survey of comet 46P/Wirtanen undertaken with the IRAM 30-m and NOEMA radio telescopes in December 2018. Observations at IRAM 30-m during the 12-18 Dec. period comprise a 2 mm spectral survey covering 25 GHz and a 1 mm survey covering 62 GHz. The gas outflow velocity and kinetic temperature have been accurately constrained by the observations. We derive abundances of 11 molecules, some being identified remotely for the first time in a Jupiter-family comet, including complex organic molecules such as formamide, ethylene glycol, acetaldehyde, or ethanol. Sensitive upper limits on the abundances of 24 other molecules are obtained. The comet is found to be relatively rich in methanol (3.4 percent relative to water), but relatively depleted in CO, CS, HNC, HNCO, and HCOOH.
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Cometary activity is a manifestation of sublimation-driven processes at the surface of nuclei. However, cometary outbursts may arise from other processes that are not necessarily driven by volatiles. In order to fully understand nuclear surfaces and their evolution, we must identify the causes of cometary outbursts. In that context, we present a study of mini-outbursts of comet 46P/Wirtanen. Six events are found in our long-term lightcurve of the comet around its perihelion passage in 2018. The apparent strengths range from $-0.2$ to $-1.6$ mag in a 5 radius aperture, and correspond to dust masses between $sim10^4$ to $10^6$ kg, but with large uncertainties due to the unknown grain size distributions. However, the nominal mass estimates are the same order of magnitude as the mini-outbursts at comet 9P/Tempel 1 and 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, events which were notably lacking at comet 103P/Hartley 2. We compare the frequency of outbursts at the four comets, and suggest that the surface of 46P has large-scale ($sim$10-100 m) roughness that is intermediate to that of 67P and 103P, if not similar to the latter. The strength of the outbursts appear to be correlated with time since the last event, but a physical interpretation with respect to solar insolation is lacking. We also examine Hubble Space Telescope images taken about 2 days following a near-perihelion outburst. No evidence for macroscopic ejecta was found in the image, with a limiting radius of about 2-m.
We measure the degree of linear polarization of comet 46P/Wirtanen during two months, embracing the perihelion passage in 2018 December with phase angles ranging from {alpha}=18.1 to 46.4 deg. The polarimetric response PQ obtained resembles what was previously found in comet C/1975 V1 (West). This suggests 46P/Wirtanen belongs to a group of comets with high maximum positive polarization. We conducted BVRI photometry of 46P and found either neutral or blue colour of its dust which is in good accordance with measurements of C/1975 V1 (West). While aperture-average polarimetry of 46P/Wirtanen reveals a nearly zero polarization PQ at the lowest phase angle {alpha} = 18.1 deg, simultaneous imaging polarimetry suggests that the negative polarization (PQ<0) arises in a region of within 5000 km of the nucleus, where the negative polarization could be as strong as PQ=-(1.44 +/- 0.15) percent. This observation suggests the existence of the circumnucleus halo and that the coma is populated by at least two types of dust particles. One of those reveals a low positive polarization at side scattering and high negative polarization near backscattering. Both polarimetric features are simultaneously produced by weakly absorbing Mg-rich silicate particles. Another type of dust produces solely positive polarization that could be attributed to carbonaceous particles. This composition of 46P/Wirtanen coma appears to be similar with what was previously found in comet C/1975 V1 (West).
Hyperactive comets have high water production rates, with inferred sublimation areas of order the surface area of the nucleus. Comets 46P/Wirtanen and 103P/Hartley 2 are two examples of this cometary class. Based on observations of comet Hartley 2 by the Deep Impact spacecraft, hyperactivity appears to be caused by the ejection of water-ice grains and/or water-ice rich chunks of nucleus into the coma. These materials increase the sublimating surface area, and yield high water production rates. The historic close approach of comet Wirtanen to Earth in 2018 afforded an opportunity to test Hartley 2 style hyperactivity in a second Jupiter-family comet. We present high spatial resolution, near-infrared spectroscopy of the inner coma of Wirtanen. No evidence for the 1.5- or 2.0-$mu$m water-ice absorption bands is found in six 0.8-2.5 $mu$m spectra taken around perihelion and closest approach to Earth. In addition, the strong 3.0-$mu$m water-ice absorption band is absent in a 2.0-5.3 $mu$m spectrum taken near perihelion. Using spectroscopic and sublimation lifetime models we set constraints on the physical properties of the ice grains in the coma, assuming they are responsible for the comets hyperactivity. We rule out pure water-ice grains of any size, given their long lifetime. Instead, the hyperactivity of the nucleus and lack of water-ice absorption features in our spectra can be explained either by icy grains on the order of 1 $mu$m in size with a small amount of low albedo dust (greater than 0.5% by volume), or large chunks containing significant amounts of water ice.
Far ultraviolet observations of comets yield information about the energetic processes that dissociate the sublimated gases from their primitive surfaces. Understanding which emission processes are dominant, their effects on the observed cometary spectrum, and how to properly invert the spectrum back to composition of the presumably pristine surface ices of a comet nuclei are all critical components for proper interpretation and analysis of comets. The close approach of comet 46P/Wirtanen in 2018-2019 provided a unique opportunity to study the inner most parts of a cometary coma with the Hubble Space Telescope Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, rarely accessible with remote observations, at length scales (100s of km) and wavelengths (900-1430 Angstroms) previously probed only by the European Space Agencys Rosetta spacecraft. Our observations show a complex picture for the inner coma; atomic production rates for H and O that show water is the dominant source of both, an abundance of atomic sulfur that is difficult to explain with the lifetimes of common sulfur parent molecules, and a density distribution that is poorly fit with both Haser and vectorial models.
We obtained broadband and narrowband images of the hyperactive comet 46P/Wirtanen on 33~nights during its 2018/2019 apparition, when the comet made an historic close approach to the Earth. With our extensive coverage, we investigated the temporal behavior of the comet on both seasonal and rotational timescales. CN observations were used to explore the coma morphology, revealing that there are two primary active areas that produce spiral structures. The direction of rotation of these structures changes from pre- to post-perihelion, indicating that the Earth crossed the comets equatorial plane sometime around perihelion. We also used the CN images to create photometric lightcurves that consistently show two peaks in the activity, confirming the two source regions. We measured the nucleus apparent rotation period at a number of epochs using both the morphology and the lightcurves. These results all show that the rotation period is continuously changing throughout our observation window, increasing from 8.98~hr in early November to 9.14~hr around perihelion and then decreasing again to 8.94~hr in February. Although the geometry changes rapidly around perihelion, the period changes cannot primarily be due to synodic effects. The repetition of structures in the coma, both within a night and from night-to-night, strongly suggests the nucleus is in a near-simple rotation state. We also detected two outbursts, one on December~12 and the other on January~28. Using apparent velocities of the ejecta in these events, 68$pm$5~m~s$^{-1}$ and 162$pm$15~m~s$^{-1}$, respectively, we derived start times of 2018~December~12 at 00:13~UT~$pm$7~min and 2019~January~27 at 20:01~UT~$pm$30~min.
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