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Register a new userNeutrinos from tidal disruption events
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Kimitake Hayasaki
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Tidal disruption events are an excellent probe for supermassive black holes in distant inactive galaxies because they show bright multi-wavelength flares lasting several months to years. AT2019dsg presents the first potential association with neutrino emission from such an explosive event.
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Recent claimed detections of tidal disruption events (TDEs) in multi-wavelength data have opened potential new windows into the evolution and properties of otherwise dormant supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in the centres of galaxies. At present, there are several dozen TDE candidates, which share some properties and differ in others. The range in properties is broad enough to overlap other transient types, such as active galactic nuclei (AGN) and supernovae (SNe), which can make TDE classification ambiguous. A further complication is that TDE signatures have not been uniformly observed to similar sensitivities or even targeted across all candidates. This chapter reviews those events that are unusual relative to other TDEs, including the possibility of TDEs in pre-existing AGN, and summarises those characteristics thought to best distinguish TDEs from continuously accreting AGN, strongly flaring AGN, SNe, and Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs), as well as other potential impostors like stellar collisions, micro-TDEs, and circumbinary accretion flows. We conclude that multiple observables should be used to classify any one event as a TDE. We also consider the TDE candidate population as a whole, which, for certain host galaxy or SMBH characteristics, is distinguishable statistically from non-TDEs, suggesting that at least some TDE candidates do in fact arise from SMBH-disrupted stars.
A tidal disruption event (TDE) occurs when a star plunges through a supermassive black holes tidal radius, at which point the stars self-gravity is overwhelmed by the tidal gravity of the black hole. In a partial TDE, where the star does not reach the full disruption radius, only a fraction of the stars mass is tidally stripped while the rest remains intact in the form of a surviving core. Analytical arguments have recently suggested that the temporal scaling of the fallback rate of debris to the black hole asymptotes to $t^{-9/4}$ for partial disruptions, effectively independently of the mass of the intact core. We present hydrodynamical simulations that verify the existence of this predicted, $t^{-9/4}$ scaling. We also define a break timescale -- the time at which the fallback rate transitions from a $t^{-5/3}$ scaling to the characteristic $t^{-9/4}$ scaling -- and measure this break timescale as a function of the impact parameter and the surviving core mass. These results deepen our understanding of the properties and breadth of possible fallback curves expected from TDEs and will therefore facilitate more accurate interpretation of data from wide-field surveys.
The discovery of jets from tidal disruption events (TDEs) rejuvenated the old field of relativistic jets powered by accretion onto supermassive black holes. In this Chapter, we first review the extensive multi-wavelength observations of jetted TDEs. Then, we show that these events provide valuable information on many aspects of jet physics from a new prospective, including the on-and-off switch of jet launching, jet propagation through the ambient medium, $gamma/$X-ray radiation mechanism, jet composition, and the multi-messenger picture. Finally, open questions and future prospects in this field are summarized.
Recent studies of Tidal Disruption Events (TDEs) have revealed unexpected correlations between the TDE rate and the large-scale properties of the host galaxies. In this review, we present the host galaxy properties of all TDE candidates known to date and quantify their distributions. We consider throughout the differences between observationally-identified types of TDEs and differences from spectroscopic control samples of galaxies. We focus here on the black hole and stellar masses of TDE host galaxies, their star formation histories and stellar populations, the concentration and morphology of the optical light, the presence of AGN activity, and the extra-galactic environment of the TDE hosts. We summarize the state of several possible explanations for the links between the TDE rate and host galaxy type. We present estimates of the TDE rate for different host galaxy types and quantify the degree to which rate enhancement in some types results in rate suppression in others. We discuss the possibilities for using TDE host galaxies to assist in identifying TDEs in upcoming large transient surveys and possibilities for TDE observations to be used to study their host galaxies.
We construct a time-dependent relativistic accretion model for tidal disruption events (TDEs) with an $alpha-$viscosity and the pressure dominated by gas pressure. We also include the mass fallback rate $dot{M}_f$ for both full and partial disruption TDEs, and assume that the infalling debris forms a seed disc in time $t_c$, which evolves due to the mass addition from the infalling debris and the mass loss via accretion onto the black hole. Besides, we derive an explicit form for the disc height that depends on the angular momentum parameter in the disc. We show that the surface density of the disc increases at an initial time due to mass addition, and then decreases as the mass fallback rate decreases, which results in a decrease in the disc mass $M_{rm d}$ with a late-time evolution of $M_{rm d} propto t^{-1.05}$ and $M_{rm d} propto t^{-1.38}$ for full and partial disruption TDEs respectively, where $t$ is the time parameter. The bolometric luminosity $L$ shows a rise and decline that follows a power-law at late times given by $L propto t^{-1.8}$ and $L propto t^{-2.3}$ for full and partial disruption TDEs respectively. Our obtained luminosity declines faster than the luminosity inferred using $L propto dot{M}_f$. We also compute the light curves in various spectral bands.
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