No Arabic abstract
The structure of topological spaces is analysed here through the lenses of fibrous preorders. Each topological space has an associated fibrous preorder and those fibrous preorders which return a topological space are called spacial. A special class of spacial fibrous preorders consisting of an interconnected family of preorders indexed by a unitary magma is called cartesian and studied here. Topological spaces that are obtained from those fibrous preorders, with a unitary magma emph{I}, are called emph{I}-cartesian and characterized. The characterization reveals a hidden structure of such spaces. Several other characterizations are obtained and special attention is drawn to the case of a monoid equipped with a topology. A wide range of examples is provided, as well as general procedures to obtain topologies from other data types such as groups and their actions. Metric spaces and normed spaces are considered as well.
We prove that the semigroup operation of a topological semigroup $S$ extends to a continuous semigroup operation on its the Stone-v{C}ech compactification $beta S$ provided $S$ is a pseudocompact openly factorizable space, which means that each map $f:Sto Y$ to a second countable space $Y$ can be written as the composition $f=gcirc p$ of an open map $p:Xto Z$ onto a second countable space $Z$ and a map $g:Zto Y$. We present a spectral characterization of openly factorizable spaces and establish some properties of such spaces.
We introduce and study some generalizations of regular spaces, which were motivated by studying continuity properties of functions between (regular) topological spaces. In particular, we prove that a first-countable Hausdorff topological space is regular if and only if it does not contain a topological copy of the Gutik hedgehog.
Topological gyrogroups, with a weaker algebraic structure without associative law, have been investigated recently. We prove that each $T_{0}$-strongly topological gyrogroup is completely regular. We also prove that every $T_{0}$-strongly topological gyrogroup with a countable pseudocharacter is submetrizable. Finally, we prove that the left coset space $G/H$ is submetrizable if $H$ is an admissible $L$-subgyrogroup of a $T_{0}$-strongly topological gyrogroup $G$.
For a non-isolated point $x$ of a topological space $X$ the network character $nw_chi(x)$ is the smallest cardinality of a family of infinite subsets of $X$ such that each neighborhood $O(x)$ of $x$ contains a set from the family. We prove that (1) each infinite compact Hausdorff space $X$ contains a non-isolated point $x$ with $nw_chi(x)=aleph_0$; (2) for each point $xin X$ with countable character there is an injective sequence in $X$ that $F$-converges to $x$ for some meager filter $F$ on $omega$; (3) if a functionally Hausdorff space $X$ contains an $F$-convergent injective sequence for some meager filter $F$, then for every $T_1$-space $Y$ that contains two non-empty open sets with disjoint closures, the function space $C_p(X,Y)$ is meager. Also we investigate properties of filters $F$ admitting an injective $F$-convergent sequence in $betaomega$.
A topological group $X$ is called $duoseparable$ if there exists a countable set $Ssubseteq X$ such that $SUS=X$ for any neighborhood $Usubseteq X$ of the unit. We construct a functor $F$ assigning to each (abelian) topological group $X$ a duoseparable (abelain-by-cyclic) topological group $FX$, containing an isomorphic copy of $X$. In fact, the functor $F$ is defined on the category of unital topologized magmas. Also we prove that each $sigma$-compact locally compact abelian topological group embeds into a duoseparable locally compact abelian-by-countable topological group.