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Register a new userA scaling hypothesis for projected entangled-pair states
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We introduce a new paradigm for scaling simulations with projected entangled-pair states (PEPS) for critical strongly-correlated systems, allowing for reliable extrapolations of PEPS data with relatively small bond dimensions $D$. The key ingredient consists of using the effective correlation length $chi$ for inducing a collapse of data points, $f(D,chi)=f(xi(D,chi))$, for arbitrary values of $D$ and the environment bond dimension $chi$. As such we circumvent the need for extrapolations in $chi$ and can use many distinct data points for a fixed value of $D$. Here, we need that the PEPS has been optimized using a fixed-$chi$ gradient method, which can be achieved using a novel tensor-network algorithm for finding fixed points of 2-D transfer matrices, or by using the formalism of backwards differentiation. We test our hypothesis on the critical 3-D dimer model, the 3-D classical Ising model, and the 2-D quantum Heisenberg model.
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We show that two different tensors defining the same translational invariant injective Projected Entangled Pair State (PEPS) in a square lattice must be the same up to a trivial gauge freedom. This allows us to characterize the existence of any local or spatial symmetry in the state. As an application of these results we prove that a SU(2) invariant PEPS with half-integer spin cannot be injective, which can be seen as a Lieb-Shultz-Mattis theorem in this context. We also give the natural generalization for U(1) symmetry in the spirit of Oshikawa-Yamanaka-Affleck, and show that a PEPS with Wilson loops cannot be injective.
We introduce plaquette projected entangled-pair states, a class of states in a lattice that can be generated by applying sequential unitaries acting on plaquettes of overlapping regions. They satisfy area-law entanglement, possess long-range correlations, and naturally generalize other relevant classes of tensor network states. We identify a subclass that can be more efficiently prepared in a radial fashion and that contains the family of isometric tensor network states. We also show how such subclass can be efficiently prepared using an array of photon sources.
The projected entangled pair states (PEPS) methods have been proved to be powerful tools to solve the strongly correlated quantum many-body problems in two-dimension. However, due to the high computational scaling with the virtual bond dimension $D$, in a practical application PEPS are often limited to rather small bond dimensions, which may not be large enough for some highly entangled systems, for instance, the frustrated systems. The optimization of the ground state using time evolution method with simple update scheme may go to a larger bond dimension. However, the accuracy of the rough approximation to the environment of the local tensors is questionable. Here, we demonstrate that combining the time evolution method with simple update, Monte Carlo sampling techniques and gradient optimization will offer an efficient method to calculate the PEPS ground state. By taking the advantages of massive parallel computing, we can study the quantum systems with larger bond dimensions up to $D$=10 without resorting to any symmetry. Benchmark tests of the method on the $J_1$-$J_2$ model give impressive accuracy compared with exact results.
Tensor network states, and in particular projected entangled pair states (PEPS), suggest an innovative approach for the study of lattice gauge theories, both from a pure theoretic point of view, and as a tool for the analysis of the recent proposals for quantum simulations of lattice gauge theories. In this paper we present a framework for describing locally gauge invariant states on lattices using PEPS. The PEPS constructed hereby shall include both bosonic and fermionic states, suitable for all combinations of matter and gauge fields in lattice gauge theories defined by either finite or compact Lie groups.
Matrix Product States (MPS) and Projected Entangled Pair States (PEPS) are powerful analytical and numerical tools to assess quantum many-body systems in one and higher dimensions, respectively. While MPS are comprehensively understood, in PEPS fundamental questions, relevant analytically as well as numerically, remain open, such as how to encode symmetries in full generality, or how to stabilize numerical methods using canonical forms. Here, we show that these key problems, as well as a number of related questions, are algorithmically undecidable, that is, they cannot be fully resolved in a systematic way. Our work thereby exposes fundamental limitations to a full and unbiased understanding of quantum many-body systems using PEPS.
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