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Register a new userPerformance of the Unified Readout System of Belle II
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The Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB collider at KEK, Tsukuba, Japan has successfully started taking data with the full detector in March 2019. Belle II is a luminosity frontier experiment of the new generation to search for physics beyond the Standard Model of elementary particles, from precision measurements of a huge number of B and charm mesons and tau leptons. In order to read out the events at a high rate from the seven subdetectors of Belle II, we adopt a highly unified readout system, including a unified trigger timing distribution system (TTD), a unified high speed data link system (Belle2link), and a common backend system to receive Belle2link data. Each subdetector frontend readout system has a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) in which unified firmware components of the TTD receiver and Belle2link transmitter are embedded. The system is designed for data taking at a trigger rate up to 30 kHz with a dead-time fraction of about 1% in the frontend readout system. The trigger rate is still much lower than our design. However, the background level is already high due to the initial vacuum condition and other accelerator parameters, and it is the most limiting factor of the accelerator and detector operation. Hence the occupancy and radiation effects to the frontend electronics are rather severe, and they cause various kind of instabilities. We present the performance of the system, including the achieved trigger rate, dead-time fraction, stability, and discuss the experience gained during the operation.
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We designed, constructed and have been operating a system based on single-crystal synthetic diamond sensors, to monitor the beam losses at the interaction region of the SuperKEKB asymmetric-energy electron-positron collider. The system records the radiation dose-rates in positions close to the inner detectors of the Belle II experiment, and protects both the detector and accelerator components against destructive beam losses, by participating in the beam-abort system. It also provides complementary information for the dedicated studies of beam-related backgrounds. We describe the performance of the system during the commissioning of the accelerator and during the first physics data taking.
The Time-Of-Propagation detector is a Cherenkov particle identification detector based on quartz radiator bars for the Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB electron-positron collider. The purpose of the detector is to identify the type of charged hadrons produced in electron-positron collisions, and requires a single photon timing resolution below 100 picoseconds. A novel front-end electronic system was designed, built, and integrated to acquire data from the 8192 microchannel plate photomultiplier tube channels in the detector. Waveform sampling of these analog signals is done by switched-capacitor array application-specific integrated circuits. The processes of triggering, digitization of windows of interest, readout, and data transfer to the Belle II data acquisition system are managed by Xilinx Zynq-7000 programmable system on a chip devices.
The ATLAS Semiconductor Tracker (SCT) together with the pixel and the transition radiation detectors will form the tracking system of the ATLAS experiment at LHC. It will consist of 20000 single-sided silicon microstrip sensors assembled back-to-back into modules mounted on four concentric barrels and two end-cap detectors formed by nine disks each. The SCT module production and testing has finished while the macro-assembly is well under way. After an overview of the layout and the operating environment of the SCT, a description of the readout electronics design and operation requirements will be given. The quality control procedure and the DAQ software for assuring the electrical functionality of hybrids and modules will be discussed. The focus will be on the electrical performance results obtained during the assembly and testing of the end-cap SCT modules.
The Belle II experiment at the SuperKEKB $e^{+}e^{-}$ collider in KEK, Japan, started physics data-taking with a complete detector from early 2019 with the primary physics goal of probing new physics in heavy quark and lepton decays. An online trigger system is indispensable for the Belle II experiment to reduce the beam background events associated with high electron and positron beam currents without sacrificing the target physics-oriented events. During the Belle II operation upon beam collision, the trigger system must be consistently controlled and its status must be carefully monitored in the process of data acquisition against unexpected situations. For this purpose, we have developed a slow control system for the Belle II trigger system. Around seventy thousand configuration parameters are saved in the Belle II central database server for every run when a run starts and stops. These parameters play an essential role in offline validation of the quality of runs. Around three thousand real-time variables are stored in the Belle II main archiving server, and the trend of some of these variables are regularly used for online and offline monitoring purposes. Various operator interface tools have been prepared and used. When the configuration parameters are not correctly applied, or some of the processes are unexpectedly terminated, the slow control system detects it, stops the data-taking process, and generates an alarm. In this article, we report how we constructed the Belle II trigger slow control system, and how we successfully managed to operate during its initial stage.
The Belle II experiment is presently in phase-2 operation at the SuperKEKB electron-positron collider in KEK (Tsukuba, Japan). The detector is an upgrade of the Belle experiment at the KEKB collider and it is optimized for the study of rare B decays, being also sensitive to signals of New Physics beyond the Standard Model. The Electromagnetic Calorimeter (ECL) is based on CsI(Tl) scintillation crystals. It splits in a barrel and two annular end-cap regions, these latter named Forward and Backward, according to the asymmetric design of the collider. CsI(Tl) crystals deliver a high light output at an affordable cost, however their yield changes with temperature and can be permanently damaged by humidity, due to the strong chemical affinity for moisture. Each ECL region is then equipped with thermistors and humidity probes to monitor environmental data. While sensors and cabling have been inherited from the original Belle design, the ECL monitoring system has been fully redesigned. In this paper, we present hardware and software architecture deployed for the 2112 CsI(Tl) crystals arranged in the Forward and Backward end-caps. Single-Board Computers (SBCs) have been designed ad-hoc for embedded applications. For sensor read-out, a data-acquisition system based on 24-bit ADCs with local processing capability has been realized and interfaced with the SBCs. EPICS applications send data across the Local Area Network for remote control and display.
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