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Register a new userPathological Water Science -- Four Examples and What They Have in Common
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Pathological science occurs when well-intentioned scientists spend extended time and resources studying a phenomena that isnt real. Researchers who get caught up in pathological science are usually following the scientific method and performing careful experiments, but they get tricked by nature. The study of water has had several protracted episodes of pathological science, a few of which are still ongoing. We discuss four areas of pathological water science -polywater, the Mpemba effect, Pollacks fourth phase of water, and the effects of static magnetic fields on water. Some common water-specific issues emerge such as the contamination and confounding of experiments with dissolved solutes and nanobubbles. General issues also emerge such as imprecision in defining what is being studied, bias towards confirmation rather than falsification, and poor standards for reproducibility. We hope this work helps researchers avoid wasting valuable time and resources pursuing pathological science.
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By the theorem of Mantel $[5]$ it is known that a graph with $n$ vertices and $lfloor frac{n^{2}}{4} rfloor+1$ edges must contain a triangle. A theorem of ErdH{o}s gives a strengthening: there are not only one, but at least $lfloorfrac{n}{2}rfloor$ triangles. We give a further improvement: if there is no vertex contained by all triangles then there are at least $n-2$ of them. There are some natural generalizations when $(a)$ complete graphs are considered (rather than triangles), $(b)$ the graph has $t$ extra edges (not only one) or $(c)$ it is supposed that there are no $s$ vertices such that every triangle contains one of them. We were not able to prove these generalizations, they are posed as conjectures.
Quantum mechanics does not provide a clear answer to the question: What was the past of a photon which went through an interferometer? Various welcher weg measurements, delayed-choice which-path experiments and weak-measurements of photons in interferometers presented the past of a photon as a trajectory or a set of trajectories. We have carried out experimental weak measurements of the paths of photons going through a nested Mach-Zehnder interferometer which show a different picture: the past of a photon is not a set of continuous trajectories. The photons tell us that they have been in the parts of the interferometer which they could not have possibly reached! Our results lead to rejection of a common sense approach to the past of a quantum particle. On the other hand, they have a simple explanation within the framework of the two-state vector formalism of quantum theory.
Tablet computers are widely used by young children. A report in 2016 shows that children aged 5 to 15 years are spending more time online than watching TV. A 2017 update of the same report shows that parents are becoming more concerned about their childrens online risks compared to the previous year. Parents are working hard to protect their childrens online safety. An increasing number of parents are setting up content filtering at home or having regular discussions with their children regarding online risks. However, although risks related to Social Media platforms or social video sharing sites (like YouTube) are widely known, risks posed by mobile applications or games (i.e. `apps) are less known. Behind the cute characters, apps used by children can not only have the possibility of exposing them to age-inappropriate content or excessive in-app promotions, but may also make a large amount of their personal information accessible to third-party online marketing and advertising industry. Such practices are not unique to childrens apps, but young children are probably less capable of resisting the resulting personalised advertisements and game promotions. In this report, we present findings from our online survey of 220 parents with children aged 6-10, mainly from the U.K. and other western countries, regarding their privacy concerns and expectations of their childrens use of mobile apps. Parents play a key role in childrens use of digital technology, especially for children under 10 years old. Recent reports have highlighted parents lack of sufficient support for choosing appropriate digital content for their children. Our report sheds some initial light on parents key struggles and points to immediate steps and possible areas of future development.
I discuss the properties of some representative $XYZ$ mesons in the context of the most commonly proposed models for their underlying nature.
Scientific research is and was at all times a transnational (global) activity. In this respect, it crosses several borders: national, cultural, and ideological. Even in times when physical borders separated the scientific community, scientists kept their minds open to the ideas created beyond the walls and tried to communicate despite all the obstacles. An example of such activities in the field of physics is the travel in the year 1838 of a group of three scientists through the Western Europe: Andreas Ettingshausen (professor at the University of Vienna), August Kunzek (professor at the University of Lviv) and P. Marian Koller (director of the observatory in Chremsminster, Upper Austria). 155 years later a vivid scientific exchange began between physicists from Austria and Ukraine, in particular, between the Institute for Condensed Matter Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in Lviv and the Institute for Theoretical Physics of Johannes Kepler University Linz. This became possible due to the programs financed by national institutions, but it had its scientific background in already knotted historic scientific networks, when Lviv was an international center of mathematics and in Vienna the School of Statistical Thought arose. Due to the new collaboration, after the breakup of the Soviet Union, Ukraine became the first country to join the Middle European Cooperation in Statistical Physics (MECO) founded in the early 1970s with the aim of bridging the gap between scientists from the Eastern and Western parts of Europe separated by the iron curtain.
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