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Register a new user$eta$ Carinae: high angular resolution continuum, H30$alpha$ and He30$alpha$ ALMA images
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We present images of $eta$ Carinae in the recombination lines H30$alpha$ and He30$alpha$ and the underlying continuum with 50~mas resolution (110 AU), obtained with ALMA. For the first time, the 230 GHz continuum image is resolved into a compact core, coincident with the binary system position, and a weaker extended structure to the NW of the compact source. Iso-velocity images of the H30$alpha$ recombination line show at least 16 unresolved sources with velocities between -30 and -65 km s$^{-1}$ distributed within the continuum source. A NLTE model, with density and temperature of the order $10^7$ cm$^{-3}$ and $10^4$ K, reproduce both the observed H30$alpha$ line profiles and their underlying continuum flux densities. Three of these sources are identified with Weigelt blobs D, C and B; estimating their proper motions, we derive ejection times (in years) of 1952.6, 1957.1, and 1967.6, respectively, all of which are close to periastron passage. Weaker H30$alpha$ line emission is detected at higher positive and negative velocities, extending in the direction of the Homunculus axis. The He30$alpha$ recombination line is also detected with the same velocity of the narrow H30$alpha$ line. Finally, the close resemblance of the H30$alpha$ image with that of an emission line that was reported in the literature as HCO$^+$(4-3) led us to identify this line as H40$delta$ instead, an identification that is further supported by modeling results. Future observations will enable to determine the proper motions of all the compact sources discovered in the new high-angular resolution data of $eta$ Carinae.
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We report on H-alpha spectroscopy of the 2009.0 spectroscopic event of eta Carinae collected via SMARTS observations using the CTIO 1.5 m telescope and echelle spectrograph. Our observations were made almost every night over a two month interval around the predicted minimum of eta Car. We observed a significant fading of the line emission that reached a minimum seven days after the X-ray minimum. About 17 d prior to the H-alpha flux minimum, the H-alpha profile exhibited the emergence of a broad, P Cygni type, absorption component (near a Doppler shift of -500 km/s) and a narrow absorption component (near -144 km/s and probably associated with intervening gas from the Little Homunculus Nebula). All these features were observed during the last event in 2003.5 and are probably related to the close periastron passage of the companion. We argue that these variations are consistent with qualitative expectations about changes in the primary stars stellar wind that result from the wind-wind collision with a massive binary companion and from atmospheric eclipses of the companion.
We present high angular resolution (~80 mas) ALMA continuum images of the SN 1987A system, together with CO $J$=2 $!rightarrow!$ 1, $J$=6 $!rightarrow!$ 5, and SiO $J$=5 $!rightarrow!$ 4 to $J$=7 $!rightarrow!$ 6 images, which clearly resolve the ejecta (dust continuum and molecules) and ring (synchrotron continuum) components. Dust in the ejecta is asymmetric and clumpy, and overall the dust fills the spatial void seen in H$alpha$ images, filling that region with material from heavier elements. The dust clumps generally fill the space where CO $J$=6 $!rightarrow!$ 5 is fainter, tentatively indicating that these dust clumps and CO are locationally and chemically linked. In these regions, carbonaceous dust grains might have formed after dissociation of CO. The dust grains would have cooled by radiation, and subsequent collisions of grains with gas would also cool the gas, suppressing the CO $J$=6 $!rightarrow!$ 5 intensity. The data show a dust peak spatially coincident with the molecular hole seen in previous ALMA CO $J$=2 $!rightarrow!$ 1 and SiO $J$=5 $!rightarrow!$ 4 images. That dust peak, combined with CO and SiO line spectra, suggests that the dust and gas could be at higher temperatures than the surrounding material, though higher density cannot be totally excluded. One of the possibilities is that a compact source provides additional heat at that location. Fits to the far-infrared--millimeter spectral energy distribution give ejecta dust temperatures of 18--23K. We revise the ejecta dust mass to $mathrm{M_{dust}} = 0.2-0.4$M$_odot$ for carbon or silicate grains, or a maximum of $<0.7$M$_odot$ for a mixture of grain species, using the predicted nucleosynthesis yields as an upper limit.
In circumstellar gas, the complex organic molecule methanol has been found almost exclusively around young stellar objects, and is thus regarded as a signpost of recent star formation. Here we report the first probable detection of methanol around an evolved high-mass star, in the complex circumstellar environment around the Luminous Blue Variable $eta$ Carinae, while using ALMA to investigate molecular cloud conditions traced by CO (2-1) in an orbit phase of the massive binary preceding the 2020 periastron. Favoring methanol over a $^{13}$CS alternative, the emission originates from hot ($T_{rm{gas}} simeq$ 700 K) material, $sim$2$$ (0.02 pc) across, centered on the dust-obscured binary in contrast to the CO which traces inner layers of the extended massive equatorial torus, and is accompanied by prominent absorption in a cooler ($T_{rm{gas}} simeq$ 110 K) layer of gas. We also report detections of water in $Herschel$/HIFI observations at 557 GHz and 988 GHz. The methanol abundance is several to 50 times higher than observed towards several lower mass stars, while water abundances are similar to those observed in cool, dense molecular clouds. The very high methanol:water abundance ratio in the core of $eta$ Carinae may suggest methanol formation processes similar to Fischer-Tropsch-type catalytic reactions on dust grains. These observations prove that complex molecule formation can occur in the chemically evolved environments around massive stars in the end stages of their evolution, given sufficient gas densities and shielding conditions as may occur in material around massive interacting companions and merger remnants.
An international consortium is presently constructing a beamformer for the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile that will be available as a facility instrument. The beamformer will aggregate the entire collecting area of the array into a single, very large aperture. The extraordinary sensitivity of phased ALMA, combined with the extremely fine angular resolution available on baselines to the Northern Hemisphere, will enable transformational new very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations in Bands 6 and 7 (1.3 and 0.8 mm) and provide substantial improvements to existing VLBI arrays in Bands 1 and 3 (7 and 3 mm). The ALMA beamformer will have impact on a variety of scientific topics, including accretion and outflow processes around black holes in active galactic nuclei (AGN), tests of general relativity near black holes, jet launch and collimation from AGN and microquasars, pulsar and magnetar emission processes, the chemical history of the universe and the evolution of fundamental constants across cosmic time, maser science, and astrometry.
We introduce the Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA), a project aiming to study the entire population of Spitzer-selected protoplanetary discs in the Ophiuchus Molecular Cloud (~300 objects) from both millimeter continuum and CO isotopologues data. Here we present 1.3 mm/230 GHz continuum images of 147 targets at 0.2 (28 au) resolution and a typical rms of 0.15 mJy. We detect a total of 133 discs, including the individual components of 11 binary systems and 1 triple system. Fifty-three of these discs are spatially resolved. We find clear substructures (inner cavities, rings, gaps, and/or spiral arms) in 8 of the sources and hints of such structures in another 4 discs. We construct the disc luminosity function for our targets and perform comparisons to other regions. A simple conversion between flux and dust mass (adopting standard assumptions) indicates that all discs detected at 1.3 mm are massive enough to form one or more rocky planets. In contrast, only ~50 discs (~1/3 of the sample) have enough mass in the form of dust to form the canonical 10 M_Earth core needed to trigger runaway gas accretion and the formation of gas giant planets, although the total mass of solids already incorporated into bodies larger than cm scales is mostly unconstrained. The distribution in continuum disc sizes in our sample is heavily weighted towards compact discs: most detected discs have radii < 15 au, while only 23 discs (~15% of the targets) have radii > 30 au.
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