No Arabic abstract
Algebraic characterization of logic programs has received increasing attention in recent years. Researchers attempt to exploit connections between linear algebraic computation and symbolic computation in order to perform logical inference in large scale knowledge bases. This paper proposes further improvement by using sparse matrices to embed logic programs in vector spaces. We show its great power of computation in reaching the fixpoint of the immediate consequence operator from the initial vector. In particular, performance for computing the least models of definite programs is dramatically improved in this way. We also apply the method to the computation of stable models of normal programs, in which the guesses are associated with initial matrices, and verify its effect when there are small numbers of negation. These results show good enhancement in terms of performance for computing consequences of programs and depict the potential power of tensorized logic programs.
The first-order theory of finite and infinite trees has been studied since the eighties, especially by the logic programming community. Following Djelloul, Dao and Fruhwirth, we consider an extension of this theory with an additional predicate for finiteness of trees, which is useful for expressing properties about (not just datatypes but also) codatatypes. Based on their work, we present a simplification procedure that determines whether any given (not necessarily closed) formula is satisfiable, returning a simplified formula which enables one to read off all possible models. Our extension makes the algorithm usable for algebraic (co)datatypes, which was impossible in their original work due to restrictive assumptions. We also provide a prototype implementation of our simplification procedure and evaluate it on instances from the SMT-LIB.
Most modern (classical) programming languages support recursion. Recursion has also been successfully applied to the design of several quantum algorithms and introduced in a couple of quantum programming languages. So, it can be expected that recursion will become one of the fundamental paradigms of quantum programming. Several program logics have been developed for verification of non-recursive quantum programs. However, there are as yet no general methods for reasoning about recursive procedures in quantum computing. We fill the gap in this paper by presenting a logic for recursive quantum programs. This logic is an extension of quantum Hoare logic for quantum While-programs. The (relative) completeness of the logic is proved, and its effectiveness is shown by a running example: fixed-point Grovers search.
The concept of a clone is central to many branches of mathematics, such as universal algebra, algebraic logic, and lambda calculus. Abstractly a clone is a category with two objects such that one is a countably infinite power of the other. Left and right algebras over a clone are covariant and contravariant functors from the category to that of sets respectively. In this paper we show that first-order logic can be studied effectively using the notions of right and left algebras over a clone. It is easy to translate the classical treatment of logic into our setting and prove all the fundamental theorems of first-order theory algebraically.
Linear Logic was introduced by Girard as a resource-sensitive refinement of classical logic. It turned out that full propositional Linear Logic is undecidable (Lincoln, Mitchell, Scedrov, and Shankar) and, hence, it is more expressive than (modalized) classical or intuitionistic logic. In this paper we focus on the study of the simplest fragments of Linear Logic, such as the one-literal and constant-only fragments (the latter contains no literals at all). Here we demonstrate that all these extremely simple fragments of Linear Logic (one-literal, $bot$-only, and even unit-only) are exactly of the same expressive power as the corresponding fu
Multi-relational networks are used extensively to structure knowledge. Perhaps the most popular instance, due to the widespread adoption of the Semantic Web, is the Resource Description Framework (RDF). One of the primary purposes of a knowledge network is to reason; that is, to alter the topology of the network according to an algorithm that uses the existing topological structure as its input. There exist many such reasoning algorithms. With respect to the Semantic Web, the bivalent, monotonic reasoners of the RDF Schema (RDFS) and the Web Ontology Language (OWL) are the most prevalent. However, nothing prevents other forms of reasoning from existing in the Semantic Web. This article presents a non-bivalent, non-monotonic, evidential logic and reasoner that is an algebraic ring over a multi-relational network equipped with two binary operations that can be composed to execute various forms of inference. Given its multi-relational grounding, it is possible to use the presented evidential framework as another method for structuring knowledge and reasoning in the Semantic Web. The benefits of this framework are that it works with arbitrary, partial, and contradictory knowledge while, at the same time, it supports a tractable approximate reasoning process.