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Register a new userGranular Segregation Mechanisms by Cyclic Shear
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We present an X-ray tomography study of the segregation mechanisms of tracer particles in a three-dimensional cyclically sheared bi-disperse granular medium. Big tracers are dragged by convection to rise to the top surface and then remain trapped there due to the small downward convection cross-section, which leads to segregation. Additionally, we also find that the local structural up-down asymmetry due to arching effect around big tracers will induce the tracers to have a net upward displacement against its smaller neighbors, which is another mechanism for segregation.
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We report on experiments that probe the stability of a two-dimensional jammed granular system formed by imposing a quasistatic simple shear strain $gamma_{rm I}$ on an initially stress free packing. We subject the shear jammed system to quasistatic cyclic shear with strain amplitude $deltagamma$. We observe two distinct outcomes after thousands of shear cycles. For small $gamma_{rm I}$ or large $deltagamma$, the system reaches a stress-free, yielding state exhibiting diffusive strobed particle displacements with a diffusion coefficient proportional to $deltagamma$. For large $gamma_{rm I}$ and small $deltagamma$, the system evolves to a stable state in which both particle positions and contact forces are unchanged after each cycle and the response to small strain reversals is highly elastic. Compared to the original shear jammed state, a stable state reached after many cycles has a smaller stress anisotropy, a much higher shear stiffness, and less tendency to dilate when sheared. Remarkably, we find that stable states show a power-law relation between shear modulus and pressure with an exponent $betaapprox 0.5$, independent of $deltagamma$. Based on our measurements, we construct a phase diagram in the $(gamma_{rm I},deltagamma)$ plane showing where our shear-jammed granular materials either stabilize or yield in the long-time limit.
The segregation of large spheres in a granular bed under vertical vibrations is studied. In our experiments we systematically measure rise times as a function of density, diameter and depth; for two different sinusoidal excitations. The measurements reveal that: at low frequencies, inertia and convection are the only mechanisms behind segregation. Inertia (convection) dominates when the relative density is greater (less) than one. At high frequencies, where convection is suppressed, fluidization of the granular bed causes either buoyancy or sinkage and segregation occurs.
We measure stability of two-dimensional granular mixtures in a rotating drum and relate grain configurations to stability. For our system, the smaller but smoother grains cluster near the center of the drum, while the larger, rougher grains remain near the outer edge. One consequence of the size segregation is that the smaller grains heavily influence the stability of the heap. We find that the maximum angle of stability is a non-linear function of composition, changing particularly rapidly when small grains are first added to a homogeneous pile of large grains. We conclude that the grain configuration within the central portion of the heap plays a prominent role in stability.
We report an experimental study of a binary sand bed under an oscillating water flow. The formation and evolution of ripples is observed. The appearance of a granular segregation is shown to strongly depend on the sand bed preparation. The initial wavelength of the mixture is measured. In the final steady state, a segregation in volume is observed instead of a segregation at the surface as reported before. The correlation between this phenomenon and the fluid flow is emphasised. Finally, different ``exotic patterns and their geophysical implications are presented.
We study the emergence of shear thickening in dense suspensions of non-Brownian particles. We combine local velocity and concentration measurements using Magnetic Resonance Imaging with macroscopic rheometry experiments. In steady state, we observe that the material is heterogeneous, and we find that that the local rheology presents a continuous transition at low shear rate from a viscous to a shear thickening, Bagnoldian, behavior with shear stresses proportional to the shear rate squared, as predicted by a scaling analysis. We show that the heterogeneity results from an unexpectedly fast migration of grains, which we attribute to the emergence of the Bagnoldian rheology. The migration process is observed to be accompanied by macroscopic transient discontinuous shear thickening, which is consequently not an intrinsic property of granular suspensions.
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